We study cofinal extensions of models of arithmetic, in particular we show that some properties near to expandability are preserved under cofinal extensions.

Artykuł charakteryzuje zmianę francuskiej pluralistycznej demokracji zmierzająca do bipolaryzacji systemu partyjnego i podziału ideologiczno - programowego na prawicę i lewicę społeczną. Dwubiegunowo ść bvła pochodną prezydenckiego ustroju V Republiki przy odpowiedzialności premiera przed parlamentem. Ważne były także przemiany w strukturze społeczeństwa na dwie podstawowe klasy i siły społeczne, tj. pracodawców i pracowników najemnych. W kryterium stosunku do własności i zakresu ingerencji państwa w gospodarkę, orientacja prawicowa obejmuje gaullistowski Ruch na Rzecz Republiki i liberalną Unię Demokracji Francuskiej, natomiast do orientacji lewicowej (...) zalicza się nurt socjalizmu reformistycznego i ruch komunistyczny. Omówione zostaną także organizacje skrajne. (shrink)

This book presents a detailed treatment of ordinal combinatorics of large sets tailored for independence results. It uses model theoretic and combinatorial methods to obtain results in proof theory, such as incompleteness theorems or a description of the provably total functions of a theory. In the first chapter, the authors first discusses ordinal combinatorics of finite sets in the style of Ketonen and Solovay. This provides a background for an analysis of subsystems of Peano Arithmetic as well as for combinatorial (...) independence results. Next, the volume examines a variety of proofs of Gödel's incompleteness theorems. The presented proofs differ strongly in nature. They show various aspects of incompleteness phenomena. In additon, coverage introduces some classical methods like the arithmetized completeness theorem, satisfaction predicates or partial satisfaction classes. It also applies them in many contexts. The fourth chapter defines the method of indicators for obtaining independence results. It shows what amount of transfinite induction we have in fragments of Peano arithmetic. Then, it uses combinatorics of large sets of the first chapter to show independence results. The last chapter considers nonstandard satisfaction classes. It presents some of the classical theorems related to them. In particular, it covers the results by S. Smith on definability in the language with a satisfaction class and on models without a satisfaction class. Overall, the book's content lies on the border between combinatorics, proof theory, and model theory of arithmetic. It offers readers a distinctive approach towards independence results by model-theoretic methods. (shrink)

San Tommaso d'Aquino ha trattato della legge in generale e della legge naturale in particolare in numerosi scritti, ma soprattutto nella Summa theologiae. Egli ha posto in evidenza il carattere razionale della legge: se la legge esprime un ordine dell'essere, essa non puo non essere l'espressione di un'intelligenza: „rationis est enim ordinare ad finem''. Secondo lui la legge e un comando della ragione ordinato al bene comune, promulgato da chi e incaricato di una comunita: „Quaedam rationis ordinatio ad bonum commune, (...) ab eo qui curam communitatis habet promulgata''. Questa definizione della legge si realizza, analogicamente, nei diversi tipi di legge. Nella sua definizione l'Aquinate da grande rilievo a due caratteri fondamentali della legge: la razionalita e l'universalitä. La legge e opera della ragione. Infatti la legge e una norma direttiva dell'agire umano in ordine al fine dell'uomo. Bisogna conoscere il fine e il rapporto dei mezzi al fine, in modo da scegliere i piu adatti e stabilire il miglior piano di esecuzione: e questo e compito proprio della ragione. La legge deve avere di mira il bene comune e per questo deve possedere carattere universale. II bene comune e il bene di una comunita di persone ed e quindi relative alla natura della comunita, a cui si riferisce. (shrink)

L'uomo si rivela in varie dimensioni, ma la sua dignità è un aspetto che ai nostri tempi viene sottolineato in modo del tutto particolare. L'uomo è consapevole di avere una dignità per il semplice fatto di essere uomo. La nostra cultura è molto sensibile a questa dimensione che si svela come una conquista nei diversi campi. Dove entra il senso del dover essere all’altezza della propria natura, cioe nel comportamento, nella conquista e nel raggiungimento dei fini, li si rivolge alla (...) dimensione etica della dignità dell'uomo. La dignità umana deve esser riconosciuta dagli altri, rispettata e promossa nella vita sociale. In questo caso si accede cosi alla radice dei diritti deiruomo. Quest'articolo tratta invece della dimensione metafisica della dignità dell’uomo in San Tommaso d'Aquino. (shrink)

We start from the assumption that the main problem, and at the same time the goal, is socio-economic development. We also assume that this pursuit is universal, development is the ambition of entities at all levels of aggregation, development is a desire of each country, as well as of business entities and individuals. From the other side, the governments create conditions for entities at the microeconomic level which generate additional value, that is, contribute to the creation of this development. Peculiar (...) to them they are developmental paths. That’s why, the main hypothesis of this article, as stating that the choice of economic policy financed by excessive public debt does not, in the long run, serve well real socio-economic development. At the beginning of the 21st century, the vast majority of these countries had serious problems with public debt. These problems already had their history and were so serious that some efforts to discipline the forum of this group appeared. It is, in a sense, natural in the sense that integration itself is heading to a high degree of coordination and to the unification of all economic policies. The picture of public finances of the European Union does not look good despite the fact that this group can boast a long history of making efforts to control and monitor the budgets of its member states. Moreover, one can even talk about a certain intensification of this process, especially with respect to the euro area countries, but we still can not say that satisfactory results have been achieved. (shrink)

The volume collects classics of Marxist historiography of science, including a new translation of Boris Hessen's “The Social and Economic Roots of Newton's ...

Author: Mamzer Henryk Title: TRANSFORMATION OF PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS INTO THE CULTURAL STUDIES ONES AS THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE PROCESS OF WORLD’S HUMANIZATION (Przekształcanie się problemów filozoficznych w kulturoznawcze jako wyraz procesu humanizacji świata) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2011, vol:.12, number: 2011/1, pages: 263-278 Keywords: NOTION OF CULTURE, CULTURAL STUDIES, PROCESS OF WORLD’S HUMANIZATION Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:This text is inspired by main research problem undertaken by Jerzy Kmita in (...) his book Konieczne serio ironisty. O przekształcaniu się problemów filozoficznych w kulturoznawcze (Poznań 2007). The mentioned problem is related to this area of culture to which „The human being had invaded and thanks to this started to construct both the world and himself”. Beginning from this moment the way followed by humans equals the process of the world’s humanization. This is not a continuous process. Each epoch, each culture, has its own vision of own functioning and the way which surrounding world functions, the world in which the social actor participates and creates. The practice proves that usually ethnocentric human attitudes influence the way in which original assumptions are introduced into the life. Reaction to this fact is giving up practicing philosophical practices related with the notion of “absolute” and, as consequences, moving into the field of cultural studies. This process is the demonstration of the world’s humanization. The notion of culture is the superior one. In a way – a priori – of all types of human activities. The science and philosophy are produced by the culture as well, and they are shaped by the values and expectations present in given culture. Because of this cultural studies (knowledge on the culture) appears to be “broad meaning type of knowledge”, exceeding the borders of the philosophy. (shrink)

Historically, Ehrenfest’s theorem is the first one which shows that classical physics can emerge from quantum physics as a kind of approximation. We recall the theorem in its original form, and we highlight its generalizations to the relativistic Dirac particle and to a particle with spin and izospin. We argue that apparent classicality of the macroscopic world can probably be explained within the framework of standard quantum mechanics.

We give some information about new proofs of the incompleteness theorems, found in 1990s. Some of them do not require the diagonal lemma as a method of construction of an independent statement.

Henryk Elzenberg is one of the most prominent Polish philosophers of this century. His main publications are: the brilliant Foundations of Leibniz’s Metaphysics of 1917; a philosophical diary published in 1963 as Trouble with Being; and a collection of papers Man and Value. Elzenberg’s principal field of inquiry was axiology, in which he put forward a deep and original conception of his own. That, however, remains still mostly in the form of manuscripts and lecture notes, of which we publish (...) two pieces above: a critique of the utilitarian concept of value, and an analysis of Meinong’s position on the same topic. (shrink)

The ArgumentFranz Borkenau's book,The Transition from Feudal to Modern Thought(Der Übergang vom feudalen zum bürgerlichen Weltbild[literally:The Transition from the Feudal to the Bourgeois World-Picture]), serves as background for Grossmann's study. The objective of this book was to trace the sociological origins of the mechanistic categories of modern thought as developed in the philosophy of Descartes and his successors. In the beginning of the seventeenth century, according to Borkenau, mechanistic thinking triumphed over medieval philosophy which emphasized qualitative, not quantitative considerations. This (...) transition from medieval and feudal methods of thought to modern principles is the general theme of Borkenau's book, and is traced to the social changes of this time. According to this work, the essential economic change that marked the transition from medieval to modern times was the destruction of the handicraft system and the organization of labor under one roof and under one management. The roots of the change in thought are to be sought here. With the dismemberment of the handicraft system and the division of labor into relatively unskilled, uniform, and therefore comparable activities, the conception of abstract homogeneous social labor arises. The division of the labor process into simple repeated movements permits a comparison of hours of labor. Calculation with such abstract social unities, according to Borkenau, was the source from which modern mechanistic thinking in general derived its origin.Grossmann, although he considers Borkenau's work a valuable and important contribution, does not believe that the author has achieved his purpose. First of all, he contends that the period that Borkenau describes as the period of the triumph of modern thought over medieval should not be placed at the beginning of the seventeenth century, but in the Renaissance, and that not Descartes and Hobbes but Leonardo da Vinci was the initiator of modern thought. Leonardo's theories, evolved from a study of machines, were the source of the mechanistic categories that culminated in modern thought.If Borkenau's conception as to the historical origin of these categories is incorrect in regard to time, Grossmann claims it follows that it is incorrect also in regard to the social sources to which it is ascribed. In the beginning, the factory system did not involve a division of labor into comparable homogeneous processes, but in general only united skilled handicraftsmen under one roof. The development of machinery, not the calculation with abstract hours of labor, is the immediate source of modern scientific mechanics. This goes back to the Renaissance and has relatively little to do with the original factory system that was finally superseded by the Industrial Revolution.While Borkenau, in tracing the social background of the thought of the period, relies chiefly on the conflicts and strife of political parties, Grossmann regards this as one element only in the formation of the general social situation, which in its entirety and in the interaction of its elements explains the development of modern thought. (shrink)

Continuing the earlier research from [T. Bigorajska, H. Kotlarski, Partitioning α-large sets: some lower bounds, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 358 4981–5001] we show that for the price of multiplying the number of parts by 3 we may construct partitions all of whose homogeneous sets are much smaller than in [T. Bigorajska, H. Kotlarski, Partitioning α-large sets: some lower bounds, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 358 4981–5001]. We also show that the Paris–Harrington independent statement remains unprovable if the number of colors is (...) restricted to 2, in fact, the statement is unprovable in IΣb. Other results concern some lower bounds for partitions of pairs. (shrink)

We transform the proof of the second incompleteness theorem given in [3] to a proof-theoretic version, avoiding the use of the arithmetized completeness theorem. We give also new proofs of old results: The Arithmetical Hierarchy Theorem and Tarski's Theorem on undefinability of truth; the proofs in which the construction of a sentence by means of diagonalization lemma is not needed.

We give new proofs of both incompleteness theorems. We do not use the diagonalization lemma, but work with some quickly growing functions instead.

Let M be a countable recursively saturated model of Th(), and let GAut(M), considered as a topological group. We examine connections between initial segments of M and subgroups of G. In particular, for each of the following classes of subgroups HG, we give characterizations of the class of terms of the topological group structure of H as a subgroup of G. (a) for some (b) for some (c) for some (d) for some (Here, M(a) denotes the smallest M containing a, (...) , , and .). (shrink)

Le nozioni di spazio e di tempo sono tra le piu correnti al giorno d'oggi, sia nel linguaggio comune che in quello filosofico e scientifico. Anche nella storia del pensiero filosofico il problema del tempo occupo un posto privilegiato. Gia Anassimandro diceva: „Tutte le cose hanno la propria genesi nell'Indeterminate e tutte in esso terminano „secondo rordine del tempo". Platone affermava che il tempo ha la sua origine con il cosmos e lo identificava con il movimento dei corpi celesti. II (...) primo rilievo che Aristotele avanza nella sua indagine sul tempo e questo: il tempo e in immediata relazione col movimento e non esiste senza di esso. (shrink)