Jeffery et al. propose a non-uniform representation of three-dimensional space during navigation. Fittingly, we recently revealed asymmetries between horizontal and vertical path integration in humans. We agree that representing navigation in more than two dimensions increases computational load and suggest that tendencies to maintain upright head posture may help constrain computational processing, while distorting neural representation of three-dimensional navigation.

From the perspective of biological cybernetics, “real world” robots have no fundamental advantage over computer simulations when used as models for biological behavior. They can even weaken biological relevance. From an engineering point of view, however, robots can benefit from solutions found in biological systems. We emphasize the importance of this distinction and give examples for artificial systems based on insect biology.

Averroës, 1126-1198; Arab philosophy; views on; God; simplicity; pantheism; Islamic philosophy.

دراسة صوفية تتناول مفهوم الطبيعة عند ابن العربي وقد جاء في قسمين الأول يتناول الجانب الوجودي من مرتبة الطبيعة بأسلوب واحد معظمهم بخلاصات من نصوص الشيخ الأكبر واشتمل على عدة موضوعات والثاني يتناول عيون مسائل الطبيعة في الفتوحات حيث يهدف إلى عرف الرؤية الأكبرية حول موضوع الطبيعة.

Exploring the darkest side of organizations may have a potential to change our previous assumptions about business life. Scholars both in management and organizational research fields have shown interest in the "bright" side of behavioral life and have looked for the ways to create a positive organizational climate and assumed a positive relation between happiness of employees and productivity. These main assumptions of the Human Relations School have dominated the scientific inquiry on organizational behavior. However, "the dark side of organizational (...) life" may have more explanatory power than "the bright side". Hostility, jealousy, envy, rivalry, gossip, problematic personalities, dislike, revenge, and social exclusion are the realities of business life. A manager may devote most of their time to cope with conflicts, deviant behaviors, ambitious individuals, gossips, and dysfunctional rivalry among employees. It is evident that negative events and interactions among employees cost more time and energy for a manager than the positive side of organizational life. This edited collection specifically focuses on these issues and will be of interest to researchers, academics, and advanced students in the fields of management, organizational studies and behavior, sociology, social psychology, and human resource management. (shrink)

Moral development; also analysis of theories of two famous psychologists Jean Piaget, 1896-1980 and Lawrence Kohlberg,1927-1987.