This paper introduces Simone Weil’s notion of reading and some of its implications to education. Weil’s philosophy, in particular her notion of attention has caught interest of some education scholars; however, the existing studies are still underdeveloped. Introducing Weil’s notion of reading, which has not been studied almost at all by educationists but its significance is well-recognized by Weil scholars, I intend to set forth a more nuanced understanding of Weil’s attention that is necessary to further discuss Weil’s potential contribution (...) to education research. Attention to other people, hence love of others, is reframed as “reading better.” We read better not simply by purifying our reading through detachment and self-negation, which is how the notion of attention is often understood and thus found problematic, but by incorporating multiple perspectives and finding balance among them. Learning to read better, then, is not merely inward effort of detachment done through introspection, but it also necessarily involves outward effort of working with other people and the world. It is through interacting with others, we may learn our own readings, recognize others’ readings, and seeking for just balance among them. This latter element which has been greatly dismissed is indispensable for any serious discussions of Weil’s philosophy in education. (shrink)

Cet article analyse quelques extraits de messages de santé traduits du français vers le mooré, l'une des principales langues du Burkina Faso. Partant du fait que langue et culture sont étroitement liées, et que la langue exprime une vision du monde qui lui est propre, nous nous interrogeons sur les valeurs que véhicule la traduction en tant qu'acte de communication. L'analyse montre qu'au-delà de leur fonction informative, les messages traduits véhiculent des valeurs qui appartiennent soit à la culture des textes (...) sources soit à celle des textes cibles. Il est cependant clair qu'au lieu d'une approche basée sur l'équivalence, la traduction des messages de santé dans les langues africaines doit viser plutôt la fonctionnalité, approche qui met le public cible et sa culture au centre de ses préoccupations.This article analyzes some excerpts health messages translated from French to Moore, one of the main languages ​​of Burkina Faso. Given the fact that language and culture are closely related, and that the language expresses a worldview of its own, we wonder about the values ​​that the vehicle translation as an act of communication. The analysis shows that beyond their informative function, the translated messages convey values ​​that belong to either culture or source texts in the target texts. It is clear, however, that instead of an approach based on equivalence, translation of health messages in African languages ​​should aim rather functionality, an approach that puts the target audience and its culture at the center of its concerns. (shrink)

Le Burkina Faso comporte, en plus du français, « langue officielle », environ une soixantaine de langues locales dites « langues nationales ». Malgré des lois favorables à l’égalité des langues, on constate dans la pratique une hiérarchisation linguistique qui consacre la domination du français sur les autres langues. Dans ce contexte plurilingue, on pouvait s’attendre à ce que la traduction puisse contribuer à la préservation de la diversité linguistique et culturelle du pays, voire à l’enrichissement des langues nationales. Mais (...) l’analyse de la traduction littéraire et audio-visuelle révèle une direction qui reflète cette hiérarchisation des langues. En effet, la traduction entre langues européennes est de loin la plus importante, en particulier entre le français et l’anglais. La traduction entre les langues nationales n’existe pas. Dans le domaine audio-visuel, en particulier le cinéma, le sous-titrage se fait toujours des langues nationales vers les langues européennes. En l’absence d’une politique linguistique et d’une politique de traduction, la traduction ne peut pas jouer son rôle de promotion des langues et de préservation de la diversité culturelle.As well as French, its “official language”, Burkina Faso has about 60 local languages that are referred to as “national languages”. Despite legislation in favour of language equality, there is, in practice, a distinct hierarchy that has enshrined the domination of French over other languages. In this multilingual context, it might have been expected that translation would help to preserve the country’s linguistic and cultural diversity, and even to enrich its national languages. However, our analysis of literary and audio-visual translations shows that the translating directions reflect the existing hierarchy between languages. Translations between European languages are by far the most common, especially between French and English. There is no translation at all between the national languages. In the audiovisual field, especially in films, sub-titles are always translated from national languages into European languages. Without language or translation policies, translation cannot play its part in promoting languages and preserving cultural diversity. (shrink)

We analyze time use data of four East Asian societies and 12 Western countries between 1985 and 2016 to investigate the gender revolution in paid work, domestic work, and total work. The closing of gender gaps in paid work, domestic work, and total work time has stalled in the most recent decade in several countries. The magnitude of the gender gaps, cultural contexts, and welfare policies plays a key role in determining whether the gender revolution in the division of labor (...) will stall or continue. Women undertake more total work than men across all societies: The gender gap ranges from 30 minutes to 2 hours a day. Our findings suggest that cultural norms interact with institutional contexts to affect the patterns of gender convergence in time use, and gender equality might settle at differing levels of egalitarianism across countries. (shrink)

Stoic analysis of the characters of Yoda and the Emperor reveals the opposing logics of the Force. Yoda initially appears to be a jester, but shares with the Stoic wise man the virtues of timely action, patience, commitment, seriousness, calmness, peacefulness, caution, benevolence, joyful mirth, passivity, and wisdom. The logic of the Dark Side is: Anger leads to hatred. Hatred leads to aggressive mastery of others, which is true power, which is irresistibly desirable. The Emperor uses terror and (...) cruelty to oppress others. Instead of wisely pursuing Stoic self-control, the arrogant Emperor serves his vices and dies suffering. (shrink)

Some moral sentimentalists say that ethical judgments just are our affective responses to the world and do not necessarily refer to or reflect anything beyond those emotional experiences. Moral sentimentalism tries to take seriously the psychological mechanisms that underwrite our making moral judgments. Moral sentimentalists treat feelings, or affective attitudes, as important components of moral theorizing and decision‐making. Fortunately, moral sentimentalists have a better option for measuring the appropriateness of our ethical feelings. Scottish philosopher Adam Smith's 1759 book The Theory (...) of Moral Sentiments remains a landmark defense of moral sentimentalism. In the 1970s, philosopher Cora Diamond talked about “fellow creature responses” as important starting‐points for thinking about our ethical sentiments regarding animals. Star Wars has shown us a similar kind of picture with a galaxy of different ways in which humans and nonhumans can interact. (shrink)

In The Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel discusses how human beings have come to know things, including themselves. The Phenomenology of Spirit serves as an introduction to Hegel's philosophical system, which continues with logic, philosophy of nature, and ethical and political philosophy. Hegel tries to work out how our knowledge of particular things and the relations between them presupposes what he calls “force.” For Hegel, understanding force is like catching a thread or stumbling upon a road to what he calls “Absolute (...) Knowledge,” the understanding of Geist. Unlike gravity, in Star Wars the Force's influence is apparent in relations between living creatures. Stephen Houlgate's poignant interpretation of Hegel's Geist is useful for a social interpretation of the Force in Star Wars. Hegel's philosophy has brought us closer to Yoda, who has a deep understanding of reality thanks to his extensive knowledge of the Force and how it binds everything and everyone together. (shrink)

The elephant in the room -- Crabs and octopuses -- The central intelligence of a frog -- The cerebral cortex and consciousness -- Social consciousness -- Yoda and Darth: how can we find -- Consciousness in the brain? -- The hard problem and other perspectives on consciousness -- Conscious machines -- Uploading minds -- How to build visual consciousness.

Michael Jordan and countless other NBA stars credit George Mumford with transforming their game. A widely respected public speaker and coach, Mumford shares his story and strategies in The Mindful Athlete. His proven techniques transform the performance of anyone with a goal, be they an Olympian, weekend warrior, executive, hacker, or artist. A basketball player at the University of Massachusetts (where he roomed with Dr. J, Julius Erving), injuries forced Mumford out of the game he loved. The meds that relieved (...) the pain of his injuries also numbed him to the emptiness he felt without the game and eventually led him to heroin. After years as a functioning addict, Mumford made meditation the center of his life. He kicked drugs, earned a master's degree, and began teaching meditation to inmates and others. Mumford went on to partner with coach Phil Jackson, a long-time mindfulness practitioner, working with him and each of the teams he coached to become NBA champions. His roster of champion clients now includes executives and Olympians. With a charismatic style that combines mindfulness with lessons from icons like Yoda and Bruce Lee, Mumford delivers an engrossing story and an invaluable resource. (shrink)

Sharing of experimental clinical research data usually happens between individuals or research groups rather than via public repositories, in part due to the need to protect research participant privacy. This approach to data sharing makes it difficult to connect journal articles with their underlying datasets and is often insufficient for ensuring access to data in the long term. Voluntary data sharing services such as the Yale Open Data Access (YODA) and Clinical Study Data Request (CSDR) projects have increased accessibility (...) to clinical datasets for secondary uses while protecting patient privacy and the legitimacy of secondary analyses but these resources are generally disconnected from journal articles—where researchers typically search for reliable information to inform future research. New scholarly journal and article types dedicated to increasing accessibility of research data have emerged in recent years and, in general, journals are developing stronger links with data repositories. There is a need for increased collaboration between journals, data repositories, researchers, funders, and voluntary data sharing services to increase the visibility and reliability of clinical research. Using the journal Scientific Data as a case study, we propose and show examples of changes to the format and peer-review process for journal articles to more robustly link them to data that are only available on request. We also propose additional features for data repositories to better accommodate non-public clinical datasets, including Data Use Agreements (DUAs). (shrink)

Stomata, the most influential components in gas exchange with the atmosphere, represent a revealing system for studying cell fate determination. Studies in Arabidopsis thaliana have demonstrated that many of the components, functioning in a signaling cascade, guide numerous cell fate transitions that occur during stomatal development. The signaling cascade is initiated at the cell surface through the activation of the membrane receptors TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) and/or ERECTA (ER) family members by the secretory peptide EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR1 (EPF1) and/or a (...) substrate processed proteolytically by the subtilase STOMATAL DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION1 (SDD1) and transduced through cytoplasmic MAP kinases (YODA (YDA), MKK4/MKK5, and MPK3/MPK6) towards the nucleus. In the nucleus, these MAP kinases regulate the activity of the basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) proteins SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA, which act in concert with the bHLH‐Leu zipper protein SCREAM (SCRM) (and/or its closely related paralog, SCREAM2). This article reviews current insights into the role of this signaling cascade during stomatal development. (shrink)

The essays in this volume tackle the philosophical questions from these blockbuster films including: Was Anakin predestined to fall to the Dark Side? Are the Jedi truly role models of moral virtue? Why would the citizens and protectors of a democratic Republic allow it to descend into a tyrannical empire? Is Yoda a peaceful Zen master or a great warrior, or both? Why is there both a light and a dark side of the Force? Star Wars and Philosophy ponders (...) the depths of these subjects and asks what it truly means to be mindful of the "living force.". (shrink)