We distinguish between the Aristotelian conception under which pleasure is understood as the feeling of the accomplished exercise of the active tendencies of a living being, and a conception according to which the search for pleasure or the removal of uneasiness determines every activity. Freud is considered as a representative of this second conception and more often than not he presents himself in that way. However, we find conclusive statements in Freud’s work according to which the principle of pleasure, considered (...) as a quantitative reduction of the stimulation level, presupposes the search for a sufficiently high energetic level which tends to reach a specific and functional discharge and not any discharge as such. In this context, Freud speaks about Bindung, a notion which points both to physiological stability and the symbolic appropriation of felt anxieties. (shrink)

The German linguist and mythologist Heymann Steinthal taught at the University of Berlin and was especially engaged with Wilhelm von Humboldt and his linguistic works. He was a co-founder of the Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. This innovatory volume, published in 1855, draws a connection between the disciplines of linguistics and psychology, and further relates them to the issue of logic. The three parts of the book deal with the nature of grammar, its relation to logic and the (...) connection of grammar and linguistics to cognitive behaviour. Finally Steinthal discusses the idea of linguistics as ethnopsychology. Pursuing this concept, he, with his brother-in-law Moritz Lazarus, co-founded the journal Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft in 1860, thus laying the foundations for a promising new area of research. (shrink)

Excerpt from Die Sprachwissenschaft Wilh. V. Humboldt's und die Hegel'sche Philosophie Es ist von Hegel und seiner Schule Ofter bemerkt wor den (logik III. S. Lo, Gabler: die Hegelsche Philosophie, Beitrage zu ihrer richtigem Beurtheilung und Wurdigung, S. Dass die Widerlegung eines Systems nicht von aussen kommen musse; die wahrhafte Widerlegung muss in die Kraft des Gegners eingehen und sich in den Um kreis seiner Starke stellen; man muss System in seiner Ausfuhrung an seinem eignen Massstabe messen. Wir finden diese (...) Forderung gerecht und beabsichtigen wenigstens, ihr Genuge zu leisten. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

The first of the two studies presents the opposition between two forms of aesthetics: one, aesthetics of invention, in which the issues of the relation with reality and the choice between true and false are meaningless questions, and an aesthetics grounded on perception and feeling as contrasted to conventional opinion that veils the reality of life.The second study starts from the political conflict between an ethics of responsibility and a conception of aesthetics in which irresponsibility not only is a part (...) of artistic creation, but also an essential part of the life that is modelled on art. An ethics that overcomes its tribal forms and develops attention to the other’s voice draws near to an aesthetics of attention to the often-ignored voice of the self. (shrink)

En el primero de los dos estudios se señala el enfrentamiento entre una estética de la inventiva, para la cual la relación con la realidad y la alternativa de lo verdadero y falso son insignificantes, y una estética afincada en el deseo de dar voz a la percepción y al sentir como contrapeso a la opinión convencionalizada, que tiene un velo sobre la realidad en la cual vivimos. El segundo estudio parte del conflicto político entre una ética de la responsabilidad (...) y una estética para la cual la irresponsabilidad no es sólo parte de la creación artística, sino también parte esencial de una forma de vida que toma como modelo al arte. Una ética que supera sus formas tribalistas y se desarrolla como atención a la voz del otro se emparenta en cambio con la estética de la escucha de la voz ignorada en nosotros mismos. The first of the two studies presents the opposition between two forms of aesthetics: aesthetics of invention, in which the issues of the relation with reality and the choice between true and false are meaningless questions, and an aesthetics grounded on perception and feeling as contrasted to conventional opinion that veils the reality of life. The second study starts from the political conflict between an ethics of responsibility and a conception of aesthetics in which irresponsibility not only is a part of artistic creation, but also an essential part of the life that is modelled on art. An ethics that overcomes its tribal forms and develops attention to the other's voice draws near to an aesthetics of attention to the often-ignored voice of the self.  . (shrink)

¿Cuál es el marco humano de referencia en las actividades culturales, o en las actividades humanas en general, cuando les es propio ese grado de cultivación, que nos permite hablar de cultura? Esta pregunta acerca del marco humano de referencia, no puede recibir una respuesta simple, ya que se trata necesariamente de marcos de referencia múltiples. En su actividad cultural el ser humano es a la vez heredero de valores que germinan en el seno de la familia, valores que son (...) difíciles de nombrar y de expresar directamente, ya que se alojan las más veces en el sufrido y callado bregar cotidiano, pero que son tanto más fecundas y nutrientes en sus manifestaciones indirectas; de valores ligados a la circunstancia local y al trato entre vecinos, a la vivencia de un paisaje común y al compartir los pequeños goces que son parte de la vida y del trato corrientes; igualmente de los valores ligados a un grupo social consciente de ser el portador de una vocación y de un mensaje propio, a una profesión que tiene, en forma más o menos pronunciada, una tradición de sentido de honor y de servicio, o a una ideología y corriente política que puede igualmente evocar los sueños generosos de la juventud, la fuerza de una idea, el espíritu de sacrificio y el compañerismo de una militancia. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps, and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may (...) freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

El artículo trata de una reflexión que presupone un largo trajinar con los textos de Kant, ofrece pautas para la lectura de la obra filosófica. En primer lugar, atender a su incompletud, dado que es de su ser el ser continuada en la reflexión de los problemas que trata. En el caso específico de la filosofía de Kant, se enfatiza en la polivalencia de sus conceptos fundamentales, así como en la mundaneidad de los mismos.

Resumen Desde sus comienzos la concepción fenomenológica de la intencionalidad se ha caracterizado por una tensión fecunda entre el símil de una dirección a un objeto, y la imagen de una red de referencias, extendida en el tiempo, que versan acerca del objeto y en sus remisiones mutuas determinan los significados que el objeto adquiere en nuestro pensamiento y en nuestras prácticas. Con la predominancia de este segundo aspecto nos alejamos de una teoría de los objetos para conectar la presencia (...) temática de objetos de toda clase con la historia de los actos que les confiere significado. La (inter) subjetividad histórica constituida por actos en los cuales el pensamiento se refiere a lo ya pensado, y el renovado despliegue de los objetos del mundo en el presente forman juntos la trama de la vida consciente. No obstante , en el estudio de la conciencia interior del tiempo que Husserl emprende repetidas veces se pierde de vista la coordinación de los actos perceptivos con lo que ocurre en el mundo, sin la cual la noción del tiempo, y en particular la de un ahora, se vacía de su sentido. Este vuelco hacia el interior es motivado por la idea de una reducción transcendental. Sin embargo, el temario iniciado con el estudio del sentido subjetivo de las objetivaciones no lleva necesariamente a conferir una prioridad ontológica a la interioridad. Husserl mismo oscila entre una comprensión ontológica de la reducción transcendental y una en términos de una elucidación de sentidos. La ilegítima prioridad dada a la conciencia interior del tiempo encuentra su paralela en la consideración por parte de Heidegger del tiempo intramundano como impropio y derivado. Ambos son en ello víctimas del espejismo agustiniano del Noli foras ire: No salgas. Palabras clave: intencionalidad longitudinal y transversal; historicidad del pensamiento; referencia exterior de la conciencia; vía cartesiana de la reducción;vía psicológico-transcendental. Internal and External References of Consciousness in Phenomenological DiscussionFrom its beginnings the phenomenological conception of intentionality has been marked by a fecund tension between the simile of directedness to an object and the image of a network of time-extended references, which are about the object and in their mutual remissions determine the significance the object acquires in our thought and practices. With the predominance of this second aspect we drift apart from a purely object-theoretical stance, in order to connect the presence of objects of all kinds to a history of meaning-giving acts. Historical (inter)subjectivity, made by acts in which thought refers to what was already thought, and the renewed display of the world of objects in the present are thus seen as constituting the weave of conscious life. Nonetheless, when it comes to the study of inner time-consciousness which Husserl repeatedly undertakes, the essential coordination of perceptive acts and what happens in the world remains out of sight; without the latter the notion of time, and particularly that of now, are emptied of sense. This inner turn is motivated by the idea of a transcendental reduction. However, the study of subjective meaning of objectivations does not necessarily lead to conferring an ontological priority to interiority. Husserl himself wavers between an ontological and a sense-elucidating understanding of what he calls phenomenological reduction. The illegitimate priority given to inner time-consciousness is paralleled by Heidegger’s considering of intra-mundane time as improper and derivative. Both are pray to the lure of the Augustinian Noli foras ire: Don’t go out Keywords: Longitudinal And Transversal Intentionality; Historicity Of Thought;External Reference Of Consciousness; Cartesian And Psychological-Transcendental Route of Reduction. (shrink)

With this introduction we aim to illuminate Western Europe's place on the map of Cold War science and, specifically, to draw attention to the differences in and the diversity of Western European Cold War science in comparison to the United States. By discussing narratives of Cold War science in small states and asking how they fit into the European condition, we suggest that the fact of being a small state affects the conditions for and the scope of Cold War science. (...) As a whole, this special issue also emphasizes the importance of the spatial dimension; that is, the significant dependence of Cold War science on geographical relations and geopolitical interests. (shrink)