In the context of the recent ascendancy of CSR, the spotlight has been primarily focused on the business sector, with sharp escalations in expectations of socialinvolvement and contributions throughout both the industrialized and developing world. These rising expectations can be reasonably understood and framed in the context of the expanded global reach and influence of the private sector, and acute market failures and governance gaps in developing countries for which the corporate sector is able to compensate. This paper argues however (...) that a narrow focus on the private sector in the pursuit of CSR is potentially short-sighted. To scale-up the beneficial impact of individual CSR activities, a more systemic approach to CSR is required, capitalizing on the joint effort and creative interactions between four key actors, including a) business and industry; b) institutions of governance; c) the non-governmental; sector and d) the scientific and research community. The paper also presents an exploratory survey of the perceptions of the different actors of their respective roles, responsibilities, strengths andweaknesses in the pursuit of CSR based on a qualitative empirical study conducted in the Lebanese context. (shrink)

Social sustainability is in its early stages in hospitality and tourism supply chains, especially in developing countries. This research draws on institutional and stakeholder theories to identify the adopted social sustainability practices in Egypt and to determine the factors affecting their implementation. A mixed-method research approach is followed involving interviews of hotel managers and a literature-based questionnaire answered by a total of 187 practitioners from hospitality and tourism supply chains in Egypt. The interviews revealed that social sustainability practices in the (...) two hotels' supply chains are adopted but limited to legal requirements and brand policies. Statistical analysis indicated that local suppliers boost the adoption of social practices. All the studied barriers show very weak correlation with the adoption of social sustainability practices; according to the interviews, this does not imply barriers inexistence, but rather reflects lack of awareness regarding social rights in a culture that tend to preserve social conservatism. The enablers explained significant variations in many social sustainability practices (53 out of 62). This study is unique since it offers a novel approach by linking institutional and stakeholder theories to recognize weaknesses in tourism supply chain social sustainability, thereby providing directions for the future design of sustainable tourism policies. (shrink)

De Feuerbach a Derrida, de la gastronomie au cannibalisme et de la saveur a la terreur, cette etude decline les differentes postures du sujet mangeant.<BR> Plus precisement, et resolument ancre dans un corps place au centre du present volume, c'est d'abord un sujet phagique jouissif qui triomphe dans l'autobiographie gastronomique. Mais l'etude examine egalement les modalites d'apparition d'un sujet dysphorique, emiette, spectralise ou vampirise, aussi bien dans les litteratures de l'eclatement de soi que dans les mises en spectacle des dechirements (...) identitaires de l'art corporel. Les contributions permettent enfin de voir comment la metaphore (auto)phagique, pathologique chez les grands lecteurs, toujours digestive, voire stercoraire, se litterarise dans une quotidiennete diarique recyclee ad nauseam, se redefini philosophiquement dans un rapport circulaire au monde et voit son essence sondee par la philosophie anti-idealiste et postmoderne.<BR> Enrichies de l'apport de disciplines differentes, les AutoBioPhagies aspirent en effet a reunir ce que la tradition occidentale a desuni: les deux fonctions principales de la bouche, celle de la parole et celle de la nourriture.". (shrink)

La communauté des chanoines réguliers de Saint-Victor de Paris, si importante dans l’histoire intellectuelle du Moyen Âge, a vécu de façon intense l’idéal de vie communautaire défini par la règle de saint Augustin. L’épistémologie, la métaphysique et la théologie victorines sont cohérentes avec ce mode de vie, supposant que l’unité la plus haute intègre une certaine pluralité. Après avoir situé la règle d’Augustin par rapport aux autres conceptions de la vie religieuse et présenté l’ordre canonial, qui se distingue de l’ordre (...) monastique par son attachement à la vie communautaire, nous étudions l’anthropologie associée à cette spiritualité victorine, concernant notamment la maîtrise du corps. Puis nous dégageons le principe sous-jacent à cet idéal communautaire : l’insuffisance de la relation duelle et la nécessité d’un troisième terme dans la relation. Pour conclure nous montrons que les chanoines de Saint-Victor ont voulu imiter Dieu lui-même, conçu comme une communauté trinitaire. (shrink)

Dans leurs textes théologiques trinitaires, Bonaventure et Thomas d’Aquin excluent que Dieu – Père, Fils et Saint-Esprit – soit une totalité, au nom de sa simplicité absolue. Alors que le créé est soit composé de parties, soit la partie d’un tout, l’incréé échappe à cette structure tout / parties. Toutefois Bonaventure et Thomas d’Aquin doivent justifier l’application à Dieu, par Augustin ou le Pseudo-Denys, du vocabulaire de la totalité, dont ils mettent alors à jour un sens transcendant. En vertu de (...) la relation de création, la totalité créée préexiste dans la simplicité de l’incréé, dans une « totalité antérieure aux parties » (Thomas, citant les « Platoniciens », c’est-à-dire Proclus). La totalité ne désigne plus alors ce qui réunit l’intégralité des parties, mais ce qui est à la fois sans parties et non partiel, simple et complet. Au moyen d’un sens privatif du « tout », Bonaventure fait de la notion divine de totalité le symétrique de celle de simplicité absolue. Cette totalité transcendante est alors beaucoup plus qu’un concept, elle exprime une thèse : la plénitude passe par la simplicité radicale. (shrink)

Ethical research conduct is a cornerstone of research practice particularly when research participants include vulnerable populations. This study mapped the extent of reporting ethical research practices in studies conducted among refugees and war-affected populations in the Arab World, and assessed variations by time, country of study, and study characteristics. An electronic search of eight databases resulted in 5668 unique records published between 2000 and 2013. Scoping review yielded 164 eligible articles for analyses. Ethical research practices, including obtaining institutional approval, access (...) to the community/research site, and informed consent/assent from the research participants, were reported in 48.2, 54.9, and 53.7% of the publications, respectively. Institutional approval was significantly more likely to be reported when the research was biomedical in nature compared to public health and social, when the study employed quantitative compared to qualitative or mixed methodologies, and when the journal required a statement on ethical declarations. Institutional approval was least likely to be reported in papers that were sole-authored, when these did not mention a funding source, or when published in national journals. Similar results were obtained for access to the community site and for seeking informed consent/assent from study participants. The responsibility of inadequacies in adherence to ethical research conduct in crisis settings is born by a multitude of stakeholders including funding agencies, institutional research boards, researchers and international relief organizations involved in research, as well as journal editors, all of whom need to play a more proactive role for enhancing the practice of ethical research conduct in conflict settings. (shrink)

Idiopathic generalized epilepsy is a common type of epilepsy and despite an increase in the number of available anti-seizure medications, approximately 20–30% of people with IGE continue to experience seizures despite adequate medication trials. Unlike focal epilepsy, resective surgery is not a viable treatment option for IGE; however, neuromodulation may be an effective surgical treatment for people with IGE. Thalamic stimulation through deep brain stimulation and responsive neurostimulation have been explored for the treatment of generalized and focal epilepsies. Although the (...) data regarding DBS and RNS in IGE is limited to case reports and case series, the results of the published studies have been promising. The current manuscript will review the published literature of DBS and RNS within the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of IGE, as well as highlight an illustrative case. (shrink)