Summary This paper aims to bridge anthropological and cognitivist research undertaken by Gilbert Durand and Mark Johnson, who studied the phenomenon of meaning making in a similar way, although they had to use different terminology as their disciplines demanded. Durand established systematization for analyzing symbolism by taking into account the position of the body and the perceptions determining the underlying schemata of symbols. Two decades later, Mark Johnson described image schemata as gestalts having an internal structure derived from bodily perceptions. (...) Owing to these similarities, a comparison between Durand and Johnson’s theories is offered first. In the second place, I reviewed the cognitive value of the anthropological regimes of imaginaire described by Durand. During the analysis, the terminology used by these theorists (like ‘image schemata’ or ‘axiomatic schemata’) was comparatively analyzed to find common ground between their positions. In conclusion, the need for recovering theories of imagination proposed by heterodox scholars like Durand is highlighted, since they anticipate the role of images and imagination not only in language, as Johnson demonstrated, but also in the formation of anthropologically relevant symbols, which are of interest for the analysis of literature and other arts. (shrink)

Fundamentación: el desarrollo de la cultura profesional docente colaborativo se sustenta en los postulados vigotskianos, donde se concibe al profesor como un sujeto comprometido con las demandas y exigencias de la sociedad. Objetivo: socializar las categorías de análisis que se deben tener en cuenta en un colectivo docente para el desarrollo de una cultura profesional colaborativa en el proceso de formación del profesional de la educación superior. Método: se realizó un estudio etnográfico en la Universidad José Martí Pérez, de Sancti (...) Spíritus, apoyada en la metodología cualitativa y un grupo de técnicas posibilitó la recogida de la información. Resultados: se obtuvieron las categorías de análisis que están estrechamente asociadas al deber ser de un docente universitario, portador de esta cultura. Conclusiones: a partir de la coincidencia de criterios sobre los aspectos teóricos y la reflexión colectiva emergieron elementos indispensables en un colectivo para lograr la cultura profesional docente colaborativa a la cual se aspira, elaborados al tener en cuenta su estructura de contenido y forma. Background: the development of collaborative professional teaching culture is based on Vigotskian statements, where the teacher is seen as an individual compromised with the demanding and needs of the society. Objective: Socialize the analytical categories that should be taken into consideration in a teaching staff for the development of collaborative professional teaching culture in the process formation of the professional of higher education. Method: an ethnographic study was carried out in the University José Marti Pérez, from Sancti Spiritus, based on a qualitative methodology and a group of techniques that make data collection possible. Results: The analytical categories obtained were closely linked to the requirements of a university teacher that has this culture. Conclusions: starting from common criteria about theoretical aspects and group reflection, vital elements emerged in the teaching staff to get the collaborative professional teaching culture that is needed, elaborated taking into account its structure of content and form. (shrink)

The use in psychology of crowdsourcing platforms as a method of data collection has been increasing in popularity because of its relative ease and versatility. Our goal is to adapt the Gratitude Questionnaire–20 Items to the English language by using data collected through a crowdsourcing platform. The G20 is a comprehensive instrument that takes in consideration the different basic processes of gratitude and assesses the construct’s cognitive, evaluative, emotional, and behavioral processes. We test the psychometric properties of the English version (...) of the G20 with a Prolific user sample. We assess the adequacy of the G20 for the crowdsourcing population in its English version. A description of the characteristics of the participants is conducted. Reliability analyses reveal an optimal internal consistency of the adapted scale. The results are discussed from a cross-cultural vision of gratitude. We conclude that the Gratitude Questionnaire–20 Items, adapted to English with an American sample, is a psychometrically strong instrument to measure gratitude using crowdsourcing platforms for data collection and, therefore, a reference and useful tool in future research. (shrink)

Este trabajo quiere responder a la demanda de quienes buscan una introducción breve pero significativa a las reflexiones de Joseph Ratzinger sobre la identidad histórica de Europa. Se trata de un estudio que, desde la perspectiva del teólogo alemán, realiza un somero itinerario por la historia político-espiritual de Europa, subrayando la cesura que constituyó el siglo XX, y que finaliza con algunas propuestas para construir una Europa con futuro. Entre éstas no conviene olvidar la luz que proviene de los extraños (...) destellos de revelación, sugiriendo un futuro ensayo de teología de la historia. (shrink)

Motivation in schizophrenia has been a key research aim for several decades. Motivation is a very complex process underlying negative symptoms that has been assessed and identified using very different instruments and terminologies. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the growing literature production and highlights an extensive set of variables to better understand the study of motivation. Electronic databases were searched in order to compile relevant studies of motivation in individuals with schizophrenia. The initial search identified 3,248 potentially interesting (...) records, and of these, 161 articles published between 1956 and 2017 were finally included. Information such as year of publication, journal, country, and number of authors was codified. Variables related to sample characteristics, methodological aspects, and motivational terms were also extracted. The results revealed a significant growth trend in literature production, especially since the 2000s, with reward as the main term studied. In addition, questionnaires were identified as the preferred instrument to assess motivation in patients with schizophrenia. Other aspects such as country of publication, authors, journals of publication, and co-citation network analysis were also examined. The discussion offers recommendations for future research. (shrink)

In this paper we analyze some of the major difficulties of informed consent. We consider insufficient to base IC on the principle of autonomy. We must not forget that the patient may be in a situation of extreme vulnerability and the good doctor should assume a degree of commitment and responsibility with his/her decisions. Our aim is to introduce the ethics of responsibility of Levinas in practice and theory of IC in order to generate a beneficent medical practice in which (...) the supervision and overseeing of the patient do not undermine his/her autonomy. (shrink)

RESUMENAl estudiar la obra de Merleau-Ponty a partir de su interpretación y desarrollo de la noción de «intencionalidad operante», se comprenden los motivos por los que, tras el periodo inicial de su Fenomenología de la percepción, llega a criticar en su etapa final las limitaciones de la fenomenología de la conciencia.PALABRAS CLAVEFENOMENOLOGÍA-MERLEAU-PONTY - INTENCIONALIDAD-INTENCIONALIDAD OPERANTEABSTRACTWhen we study merleau-Ponty's work from his interpretation and development of the notion of «operative intentionality», we can understand why, after the initial period of his phenomenology (...) of perception, in his latest period he criticizes the limits of the phenomenology of consciousness.KEYWORDSPHENOMENOLOGY-MERLEAU-PONTY-INTENTIONALITY-OPERATIVE INTENTIONALITY. (shrink)

RESUMENInforme bibliográfico de las obras de Maurice Merleau-Ponty hasta 1996, que revisa y actualiza repertorios anteriores. El informe incluye también trabajos inéditos y documentos de su legado personal.PALABRAS CLAVEMERLEAU-PONTY-FILOSOFIA FRANCESA-FENOMENOLOGIAABSTRACTBibliographical report of Maurice Merleau-Ponry's works up to 1996, wich revises and updates previous bibliographies. The report also includes unpublished papers and documents from his personal legacy. KEYWORDSMERLEAU-PONTY- FRENCH PHILOSOPHY-PHENOMENOLOGY.

ArgumentUsing the notion of styles of knowledge we refer to the ways diverse scientific communities claim to produce true knowledge, their understandings regarding the attitudes and values that scientists should have in order to grasp natural and social reality, and the practices and technologies developed within such styles. This paper analyzes scientific and medical enterprises that explored the relationship between environment, population, and society in Colombia between 1850 and 1920. We argue that similar styles of knowledge production were shared in (...) human geography, medical geography, and climatic physiology at the mid-nineteenth century; and that some physicians working in bacteriology and physiology since the 1880s established epistemic boundaries between their work and earlier scientific activities, while others found these distinctions irrelevant. However, the historical actors committed to any of the styles of knowledge production explored in this article agreed on the local specificity of their objects of inquiry, therefore questioning European science. These styles of knowledge production also shaped different ways of perceiving and addressing national problems. Hence, this article is a contribution to the recent literature on both historical epistemology and social and cultural history of science and medicine. (shrink)

BackgroundImplementing the routine consultation of patient advance directives in hospital emergency departments and emergency medical services has become essential, given that advance directives constitute the frame of reference for care personalisation and respect for patients’ values and preferences related to healthcare. The aim of this study was to assess the levels and relationship of knowledge and attitudes of nursing and medical professionals towards advance directives in hospital emergency departments and emergency medical services, and to determine the correlated and predictor variables (...) of favourable attitudes towards advance directives.MethodsObservational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in the emergency department of a second-level hospital and in the emergency medical service. Data collection was performed from January 2019 to February 2020. The STROBE guidelines were followed for the preparation of the study.ResultsA total of 173 healthcare professionals responded to the questionnaire. Among them, 91.3% considered that they were not sufficiently informed about advance directives, and 74% acknowledged not having incorporated them into their usual practice. Multinomial analysis indicated a statistically significant relationship between the variable emergency medical service and having more favourable attitudes towards consulting the advance directives in their practical application (OR 2.49 [95% CI 1.06–5.88]; p = 0.037) and compliance in complex scenarios (OR 3.65 [95% CI 1.58 − 8.41]; p = 0.002). Working the afternoon and night shift was a predictor variable for obtaining a higher score with respect to attitudes in complex scenarios.ConclusionThere is an association between the level of knowledge that nursing and medical professionals have about advance directives and the scores obtained on the attitude scales at the time of practical implementation and in complex scenarios. This shows that the more knowledge professionals have, the more likely they are to consult patients' advance directives and to respect their wishes and preferences for care and/or treatment. (shrink)

The origin of chordates and the consequent genesis of vertebrates were major events in natural history. The amphioxus (lancelet) is now recognised as the closest extant relative to the stem chordate and is the only living invertebrate that retains a vertebrate‐like development and body plan through its lifespan, despite more than 500 million years of independent evolution from the stem vertebrate. The inspiring data coming from its recently sequenced genome confirms that amphioxus has a prototypical chordate genome with respect to (...) gene content and structure, and even chromosomal organisation. Pushed by joint efforts of amphioxus researchers, amphioxus is now entering a new era, namely its maturation as a laboratory model, through the availability of a large amount of molecular data and the advent of experimental manipulation of the embryo. These two facts may well serve to illuminate the hidden secrets of the genetic changes that generated, among other vertebrates, ourselves. (shrink)

La filosofía judía contemporánea, particularmente la surgida de la historia herida del pensador lituano Emmanuel Levinas, presenta de modo exclusivista la reducción de la relación religiosa a relación ética. No sólo queda ahí su propuesta sino que este filó-sofo judío considera la experiencia mística una degeneración o peligro para la religiosidad auténtica. En cambio, el mayor especialista español en los estudios de fenomenología de la religión, el pensador cristiano Juan Martín Velasco, considera la experiencia mística como la culminación de la (...) experiencia religiosa. (shrink)

El texto que presentamos recoge las principales conclusiones que han derivado de los estudios sobre la Colección de documentos árabes del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Granada. Compuesta principalmente por documentos de carácter jurídico, el análisis del contenido de cada uno de ellos en relación con la materialidad del soporte y las tintas así como la coincidencia en el diseño y planificación de la página revelan el uso de idénticos protocolos de ejecución. Esta investigación nos está permitiendo, además, establecer coincidencias relevantes (...) relacionadas con los procesos de elaboración del papel entre los últimos años de permanencia de los árabes en la Península Ibérica y los primeros tras la incorporación del territorio a la Corona de Castilla y, sobre todo, con el modo de ejecutar el documento de archivo en sus formas externa e interna. (shrink)

El texto que presentamos recoge las principales conclusiones que han derivado de los estudios sobre la Colección de documentos árabes del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Granada. Compuesta principalmente por documentos de carácter jurídico, el análisis del contenido de cada uno de ellos en relación con la materialidad del soporte y las tintas así como la coincidencia en el diseño y planificación de la página revelan el uso de idénticos protocolos de ejecución. Esta investigación nos está permitiendo, además, establecer coincidencias relevantes (...) relacionadas con los procesos de elaboración del papel entre los últimos años de permanencia de los árabes en la Península Ibérica y los primeros tras la incorporación del territorio a la Corona de Castilla y, sobre todo, con el modo de ejecutar el documento de archivo en sus formas externa e interna. (shrink)

Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, el representante más insigne de la filosofía española del siglo XVIII, ahormó un proyecto con importantísimas repercusiones en ámbitos como la ciencia, la política, la literatura, la economía, la teología o la sociedad. Ese compendio de la temprana o primera Ilustración que es el _Teatro crítico universal_ articuló una manera de situarse ante los problemas e inquietudes de su tiempo que llegó a numerosos espacios de debate, pero también de toma de decisiones. Gracias a la extraordinaria (...) difusión del _Teatro_ y de otras de sus obras en la península, en América y en partes de Europa, Feijoo ejerció una enorme influencia intelectual -una autoridad que posiblemente no haya logrado ningún otro autor posterior en lengua española-. Si este marco de reforma que propugnaba acabó logrando sus frutos en el último tercio del siglo XVIII es otro asunto, pero no cabe duda de que Feijoo fue -utilizando conscientemente un anacronismo- el intelectual público de su época. (shrink)

Benito Jerónimo Feijoo, el representante más insigne de la filosofía española del siglo XVIII, ahormó un proyecto con importantísimas repercusiones en ámbitos como la ciencia, la política, la literatura, la economía, la teología o la sociedad. Ese compendio de la temprana o primera Ilustración que es el _Teatro crítico universal_ articuló una manera de situarse ante los problemas e inquietudes de su tiempo que llegó a numerosos espacios de debate, pero también de toma de decisiones. Gracias a la extraordinaria (...) difusión del _Teatro_ y de otras de sus obras en la península, en América y en partes de Europa, Feijoo ejerció una enorme influencia intelectual -una autoridad que posiblemente no haya logrado ningún otro autor posterior en lengua española-. Si este marco de reforma que propugnaba acabó logrando sus frutos en el último tercio del siglo XVIII es otro asunto, pero no cabe duda de que Feijoo fue -utilizando conscientemente un anacronismo- el intelectual público de su época. (shrink)

Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) are an essential element of transport in industry 4.0. Although they may seem simple systems in terms of their kinemat.

Entre los siglos IX y XII son varias las manifestaciones artísticas que vinculan a Túnez con al-Andalus, Egipto y Sicilia. Se trata, más concretamente, de los cipos funerarios, de las mezquitas de nueve tramos y de los conjuntos de carácter áulico caracterizados por contar con un gran estanque. La documentación de estos modelos tipológicos, así como la aproximación a sus posibles orígenes y funciones llevan a plantear el papel de Ifrīqiya como foco creador o de concreción formal de los modelos, (...) actuando los focos restantes como receptores. (shrink)

Hemos ingeniado numerosos juegos para solazarnos; jugamos en las relaciones sociales desempeñando papeles con sus pertinentes máscaras; y el mundo semeja un gran juego que avanza subyugado por reglas, en el que, armados de nuestros saberes, jugamos para mantenernos vivos y vivir de la mejor manera. Mas aquí no se acaba el juego: resulta que el mundo, que es uno entre los posibles, debe de haberse impuesto, sin duda, a otras combinaciones de cartas en una recóndita partida de póquer de (...) un jugar inasible y difuso que rehúye nuestras concepciones. Porque, si bien de los juegos que hemos construido sabemos el qué, el para qué y el cómo, no podemos decir lo mismo del juego del mundo, inscrito a su vez en una maraña que juega sin límite y en la que nos vislumbramos. Por ello hemos de aclarar en qué consiste este juego último, para intentar descubrir a qué juega todo y a qué juega el ser humano. A ello ha venido consagrándose la Metafísica con estrategias varias: la Metafísica es también un juego, un juego de nociones, y a él se aplica este ensayo pretendiendo jugar con el mayor tino aun sin obtener ganancia. Así pues, este no es un libro de filosofía, contra lo que proclama el título; esto es un entretejido de partidas de un juego desesperado donde el jugador se juega el mundo, la vida, el pensamiento, el hombre y hasta a sí mismo. Con el molde del juego probaremos a concebir la realidad entera y a digerir la temática filosófica en sus tópicos más relevantes. Porque en este escrito la palabra juego funcionará como un significante flotante (en la nomenclatura estructuralista), como un valor simbólico cero, susceptible de aplicarse a cualquier fenómeno, y útil para conexionar nuestras inquietudes en los escenarios más diversos. Con dicha táctica, este libro recorrerá los problemas fundamentales de la filosofía para ofrecer al lector una visión aventurera al mismo tiempo que coherente. Empezando por un juego de solitario, el del Yo pensante, nos abriremos al pensamiento y al mundo, como juego en que participamos los hombres; veremos cómo en él se constituye el sentido o ser de las cosas, y cómo ese juego nos catapulta a un Gran Juego columbrado, al Juego de Ser (por llamarlo de algún modo), a un jugar sin sujeto y sin reglas al que no cabe aplicarle nuestras nociones. En tal juego intervenimos los hombres y efectuamos nuestras apuestas con los otros y con nosotros mismos y ante la muerte. Este libro se dirige a los jugadores genuinos, a los amantes del juego al margen de su resultado, dispuestos a los triunfos y a las derrotas, y a la derrota definitiva, sabedores de que todo es un juego después de todo. Emprenderemos, pues, un juego en sentido estricto y en sentido laxo, habida cuenta de que el ser y la nada, la verdad y el conocimiento, el mundo y las cosas, el hombre y el Yo pensante, la sociedad y la historia, el bien y el mal, Dios y el absurdo, la transcendencia y la muerte… son piezas, cartas o fichas con que nos hemos topado en un juego que nos abarca y al que nos sentimos arrojados. En cuanto juego, este libro, verdadero curso de filosofía para jugadores, aspira solo a que sus jugadas cuadren. (shrink)

In line with its institutional commitments and in order to strengthen the relevance of its business education program in addressing the persistent social challenges facing the Philippines, Mission University revised its Master of Business Administration curriculum in 2012. A core change in the curriculum was the incorporation of action research training and the requirement for graduation of implementing and defending an action research project. The introduction of action research, which is based on critical realist philosophy of science, was intended to (...) enable the university’s MBA graduates to become reflexive and humanistic agents of change in their work contexts through the application of observation, critical reflection, collaborative analysis and action and scholarly skills. The implementation of the action research requirement is beginning to yield positive results based on the types of projects implemented by the students and their resulting sense of efficacy in the workplace. Challenges in implementation include the need to further hone student skills in pursuing more emancipatory projects and the need to further orient faculty in the critical realist philosophy underlying action research, as distinct from traditional positivism. (shrink)

The Greek word mētis (μῆτις) traditionally refers to a particular form of wily intelligence associated with the arts of deception (dolos) and the knowledge of tricks (kerdē), subterfuges, and traps. Mētis evokes innovative and ground-breaking solutions, based on the capability to understand, anticipate, and possibly violate the others’ expectations. Most importantly, mētis presupposes practical wisdom, or prudence (phrόnesis), a dispositional quality that underpins all the virtues that deserve to be cultivated by sportspersons and that is pivotal to perfect sportspersons’ moral (...) character. Not only is prudence required to apply mētis profitably for winning a game, but it is also indispensable to perform consistently with the game’s norms—cognizant of sport values. This analysis of mētis is key to illuminate the embodied dimension of tactical and moral reasoning in contemporary sport practice. In this paper, we first argue that the strategic effectiveness of mētis proves that not only sensorimotor control but also higher forms of intelligence, like strategic reasoning, are embodied and inform skilful performance; second, we argue that relying on mētis is necessary not only to interpret the rules of the game in one’s own favor but also to respect the shared values that these rules uphold in the sport practice. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca señalar que cantantes como Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer y Peter Tosh han ejercido una especie de educación tribal que le ha permitido a la comunidad rastafari informarse de las pautas de comportamiento social y moral que han llegado a considerarse como emblemáticas de su sistema de valores. Para lograr nuestro propósito se citarán y glosarán un conjunto de canciones de ese género musical que a lo largo de décadas ha pregonado la naturaleza divina de Haile Selassie, (...) la idea del regreso al África, la importancia histórica y política de Marcus Garvey, el carácter sacramental del consumo de la marihuana y el valor simbólico de los dreadlocks. (shrink)

Research on individual differences in facing the COVID-19 pandemic seems to be crucial in order to design diverse and highly effective intervention strategies. This study uses a sample of 302 North American participants who were recruited through the crowdsourcing platform ProA; different profiles were established, profiling variables of interest in facing the COVID-19 outbreak. Socio-demographic and psychological (personality traits, gratitude, life purpose, and religiosity) variables were explored. These results are of interest if we want to deepen the study of individual (...) differences at both a theoretical and applied level. (shrink)

This paper deals with the interpretation and distribution of universal Free Choice (FC) items, such as English FC any or Spanish cualquiera. Crosslinguistically, universal FC items can be characterized as follows. First, they have a restricted distribution. Second, they express freedom of choice: the sentence You can take any card conveys the information that the addressee is free to pick whichever card she chooses. Under standard assumptions, the truth conditions of sentences like You can take any card are taken to (...) be captured by formalizations in which a universal quantifier ranging over individuals has wide scope over the possibility modal. The crucial observation that informs the account in this paper is that this type of formalization cannot capture the freedom of choice component. I will argue that in order to derive the right interaction between possibility modals and FC items, we need to add an exclusiveness condition to the standard wide scope paraphrases. The same proposal that guarantees freedom of choice will automatically account for the distribution restrictions of FC items. The formal implementation of this proposal is cast in the Hamblin semantics proposed in Kratzer and Shimoyama (Indeterminate phrases: The view from Japanese, 2002). (shrink)

This practical-theological study aims to develop a contextual theology in the areas of business and government that will aid a successful intervention by the church in diminishing the corrupt practices prevalent in South Africa. It seeks to prove that corruption is a major factor in causing the delays experienced in the implementation of service delivery, and that this is causing much anger and increasing disillusionment with the present system of democratic government. At the moment the church has a window of (...) opportunity for this intervention to take place, since many of those responsible for supporting, organising and implementing service delivery, both in government and industry, worship regularly, as committed members, in local Christian congregations. A modified application of the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach using focus groups is suggested as both a tool for intervention and for further research. (shrink)

Across languages, we find indefinites that overtly mark a speaker’s lack of knowledge: they signal that the speaker is unable to give any further information about who or what satisfies her existential claim (Becker, 1999; Haspelmath, 1997). From now on, we will refer to the marking of the speaker’s lack of knowledge as an epistemic effect and to the indefinites that induce epistemic effects as epistemic indefinites.

In recent years, several studies have advocated the need to expand the concept of patient autonomy beyond the capacity to deliberate and make decisions regarding a specific medical intervention or treatment (decision-making or decisional autonomy). Arguing along the same lines, this paper proposes a multidimensional concept of patient autonomy (decisional, executive, functional, informative and narrative) and argues that determining the specific aspect of autonomy affected is the first step towards protecting or promoting (and respecting) patient autonomy. These different manifestations of (...) autonomy are not mutually dependent; there may be patients who have problems in one dimension, while at the same time being fully autonomous in others. Nevertheless, a close interaction has been observed between the various dimensions and indeed, a phenomenological analysis shows that damage to or a reduction in one aspect of people’s capacity for self-government generally affects other aspects of their autonomy, which in turn disrupts their identity and the way in which they see themselves and are seen by others. In this paper, I shall examine some of these interactions and show how they may lie at the heart of the problem of poor treatment adherence (where adherence is defined as being the extent to which a patient’s behavior over time coincides with the recommendations made by and agreed with their health professional). One example given is that of psoriasis, a chronic skin disease with a very poor adherence record. In Spain, it is calculated that 85% of patients diagnosed with mild to moderate psoriasis fail to comply properly with their treatment, and figures from other parts of the world are similar. Although there are many possible causes for non-adherence among psoriasis patients, assessing their decisional, executive and narrative capacities and taking appropriate action based on the results may help increase adherence rates. (shrink)