Resumen El artículo parte de una situación que tendrá gran importancia para la posterior evolución del Concilio en la Iglesia: la existencia de una minoría conciliar conservadora, representada por la Curia Romana, estratégicamente presente en las comisiones preparatorias. De las tensiones entre renovadores y conservadores, resultaron documentos ambiguos, anunciando temas nuevos, a los que se contraponían viejas facetas de la tradición papal. Paralelamente a lo que el Concilio representó en términos de renovación de la Iglesia, el artículo traza (...) el perfil de otro cambio ocurrido en la historia do Occidente: la revolución cultural, simbólicamente representada por 1968. Esta significó la crítica radical a todas las instituciones establecidas y de todos los sistemas de autoridad. Con relación a la Iglesia, la revolución cultural (marcada, entre otras cosas, por el descubrimiento de la píldora anticonceptiva y por la explosión feminista) puso en jaque sus dogmas y valores. Concomitantemente, los cambios en el modo de producción capitalista caminaban en dirección a la desvalorización del trabajo y a la exacerbación del consumo. En crisis y desprestigiada por el impacto de los cambios culturales, la Iglesia reaccionó con el “retorno a la grande disciplina”. En América Latina, donde la recepción del Concilio prometía frutos auspiciosos, quedan tímidas reformas. Frente a todo esto, la reflexión propuesta por el artículo señala caminos de esperanza para la vivencia de la fe. Palabras Clave: Iglesia. Concilio Vaticano II. Curia Romano. Revolución cultural. 1968.This article starts from a situation of great importance in the subsequent evolution of the Council within the Church: the existence of conservative minority represented by the Roman Curia, strategically present within the preparatory commissions. Tensions between reformers and conservatives led to ambiguous documents and announced new issues to which the papal tradition was opposed. Next to the Council represented in terms of renewal of the Church, the article traces the profile of another change that took place in Western history: the Cultural Revolution represented symbolically by 1968. The revolution meant a radical critique of all established institutions, and all systems of authority. The Cultural Revolution (marked by the discovery of the pill and the feminist explosion) also put into question the dogmas and values of the Church. Concomitantly, changes in the capitalist mode of production devaluated the work and encouraged consumption. In crisis and discredited by the impact of cultural changes, the Church responded with a “return to the great discipline”. In Latin America, where the reception of the Council promised auspicious fruits, timid reforms remained. Given this, the reflection proposed by the article points out the way of hope for living the faith. Keywords : Church. Vatican II. Roman Curia. Cultural Revolution. 1968. - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2011v9n24p1207. (shrink)

O artigo propõe-se a, num primeiro momento, pensar o significado do Concílio Vaticano II e seu esquecimento. Em relação a seus frutos, aponta a nova realidade eclesial, particularmente na América Latina, em termos de rompimento com o passado legalista, antimodernista e eurocentrista, e a construção de caminhos alternativos. Sobre o esquecimento do Concílio, destaca que a Cúria romana, os últimos dois papas e a parcela conservadora do episcopado, ainda quando mantinham um discurso de filiação e reverência pelo legado do (...) Concílio, trabalhavam pelo desvanecimento de seu caráter formativo e vinculante. Num segundo momento, o artigo especula, a partir de alguns questionamentos, sobre as dimensões e possibilidades de “um novo Pentecostes”. Pergunta: Considerando a longa duração dos processos históricos, pode-se afirmar que “o Concílio passou”? Que pressões estruturais e condições objetivas favoreceriam um novo processo de mudança na Igreja? Que podemos aprender do crescente Pentecostalismo em nossos países? Terá futuro o milenar modelo de organização da Igreja frente aos processos de “teia de relações” trazidos pela globalização? A teologia tradicional se sustentará frente às exigências do diálogo inter-religioso? Que é “religião”? Qual seria a contribuição das religiões frente às grandes questões planetárias? Palavras-chave: Igreja. Vaticano II. Episcopado. Pentecostalismo.This article aims to reflect on the meaning of Vatican II and their oblivion. In relation to its fruit, the article firstly highlights the new ecclesial reality, particularly in Latin America in terms of breaking with the past legalistic, anti-modernist and Eurocentric, and the construction of alternative paths. The article postulates that the Roman Curia, the last two popes and the conservative portion of the episcopate struggled for the attenuation of the formative dimension of the Council. Secondly, the article raises some questions about the dimensions and possibilities of “a new Pentecost”. Here are some of these questions: a) taking into account the long-term processes, could one say that the Vatican II is already outdated? b) What structural pressures and objective conditions would facilitate a new process of change in the Church? c) What can we learn from the growing of the Pentecostalism in our countries? d) Faced with the processes of “web relationships” presented by globalization, would the old model of church organization continue to succeed? e) Will the traditional theology survive to the demands of inter-religious dialogue? f) What is “religion”? g) What would be the main contributions of religions to the great planetary questions? Keywords: Church. Vatican II. Episcopate. Pentecostalism. - DOI: 10.5752/P.2175-5841.2011v9n24p1267. (shrink)

The motive for late eighteenth-century proto-technics of photography and cinema was never quite mimetic representation: it was generating autonomous impressions of natural phenomena within the tradition ofNaturphilosophie. The article analyses a series of connections between ‘natural hieroglyphs’ (von Lichtenberg), Jacques-Alexandre-César Charles’s ‘megascope’, Wedgwood’s pre-photography, Lavater’s silhouettes and antecedents of Marey’s ‘graphic method’. The goal is to document precursor ideas, devices, setups and frameworks of photoimaging medias to show that the genealogy of photography and cinema intersected through many polymath transverses within (...) the ambit of natural philosophy (and the context of slavery). (shrink)

Keď sa ľudia nachádzajú medzi inými, správajú sa viac prosociálne, morálne a štedro. Čo však môže ovplyvniť ich správanie v momente, keď sú sami? Aby sa správali ako medzi inými? Jedna z možností môže byť vyvolať pocit, že sa niekto pozerá. Tento účel môže splniť aj obyčajné zrkadlo. Naše výskumy podporujú vplyv zrkadla na dodržiavanie pravidla na súboroch dospelých a detí. V obidvoch experimentoch prítomnosť zrkadla zvyšovala šancu na dodržiavanie stanoveného pravidla. Ako však niečo tak jednoduché ako zrkadlo môže ovplyvniť (...) správanie? Jeden z prístupov tvrdí, že vizuálny stimul spustí automatickú percepciu „niekto sa pozerá“, aj napriek tomu, že je to iba odraz v zrkadle. Ďalší možný prístup vychádza z predpokladu, že na seba upriamená pozornosť vyvoláva sebauvedomovanie, pričom sa zviditeľňuje prípadný rozpor medzi konaním a štandardom. Porušenie pravidla v takom momente by mohlo ohroziť sebaúctu. V treťom prístupe autori vychádzajú z princípu negatívnej spätnej väzby. Nakoniec by sme radi spomenuli naše experimenty a navrhli ďalšie možnosti skúmania v tejto oblasti. (shrink)

Keď sa ľudia nachádzajú medzi inými, správajú sa viac prosociálne, morálne a štedro. Čo však môže ovplyvniť ich správanie v momente, keď sú sami? Aby sa správali ako medzi inými? Jedna z možností môže byť vyvolať pocit, že sa niekto pozerá. Tento účel môže splniť aj obyčajné zrkadlo. Naše výskumy podporujú vplyv zrkadla na dodržiavanie pravidla na súboroch dospelých a detí. V obidvoch experimentoch prítomnosť zrkadla zvyšovala šancu na dodržiavanie stanoveného pravidla. Ako však niečo tak jednoduché ako zrkadlo môže ovplyvniť (...) správanie? Jeden z prístupov tvrdí, že vizuálny stimul spustí automatickú percepciu „niekto sa pozerá“, aj napriek tomu, že je to iba odraz v zrkadle. Ďalší možný prístup vychádza z predpokladu, že na seba upriamená pozornosť vyvoláva sebauvedomovanie, pričom sa zviditeľňuje prípadný rozpor medzi konaním a štandardom. Porušenie pravidla v takom momente by mohlo ohroziť sebaúctu. V treťom prístupe autori vychádzajú z princípu negatívnej spätnej väzby. Nakoniec by sme radi spomenuli naše experimenty a navrhli ďalšie možnosti skúmania v tejto oblasti. (shrink)

Clouds are therefore a fine metaphor for intermediary and automatic beings… Trees too are clouds: only, they are slower at occupying space. In the new landscape of media archaeology—especially variantology, which insists on ramified rather than convergent developments—media, too, appear to be imperceptibly changing from stable trees into metastable clouds. If we accelerate that motion, then the whole McLuhan-Kittler-Parikka media forest of semi-separate specimens starts to look like a self-rearranging ballet—a murmuration across species. At a certain historical rate, in other (...) words, problems of media ontology and phylogenesis tend to turn into animated sequences in which individual or individuated media.. (shrink)

The topic of safeguarding against sickness grew in importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. People’s health was more at risk, yet not all had the same capacity and options to deal with it. Therefore, this article focuses on the under-researched topic of choice of strategies and individual practices for safeguarding against one’s sickness among micro-entrepreneurs (with 1–10 employees) before and during the pandemic, namely on the example of Czechia. We analyse 30 qualitative interviews with micro-entrepreneurs to demonstrate how their social location (...) affects the attainability of strategies and individual practices for that purpose. It is primarily their family role (breadwinner vs caregiver) that, along with socioeconomic status, either limits or opens choices of strategies and individual practices or combinations thereof. Although the COVID-19 pandemic posed a high health risk to the entire society, it did not bring the micro-entrepreneurs to revise their often-risky choices in safeguarding against sickness. In contrast, it highlighted some specifics of micro-enterprises, e.g. their unclear organisational structure, which proved a high risk in the context of the health crisis. (shrink)

1. t. Viduramžiai, Renesansas, Naujieji amžiai.

This article explains the methodology behind our PhD thesis, that describes how five Southern European Communist parties2 reacted, through their party press, to the events that took place in Eastern Europe from 1989 to 1991, such as the Fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, the deposition of the Romanian dictator in December 1989 or the Soviet Coup d’etat in August 1991. We describe an interdisciplinary methodology which combines elements of history of the present, historiography of Communism and communication (...) sciences. We will summarize our study, after explaining our methodology and adapting the framing party press for the purposes of this work. Finally, we’ll draw the conclusions after presenting one specific case: the interpretations provided by each party following the parliamentary elections of June 1989 in Poland. (shrink)

The academic History of Philosophy in Lithuania in three volumes will be published by the Institute of Culture, Philosophy and Art. The first presented volume covers the development of Lithuanian philosophy from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It includes late medieval and Renaissance philosophy, the second scholasticism and modern philosophy. The first Lithuanians to be introduced to philosophy were young members of the gentry who studied in European universities at the end of the 14th century. The recently baptized Lithuania (...) strove to adopt Western culture and to present itself as a Western state. Some graduated from the universities as bachelors or masters of philosophy and returned to their country. At the end of the 14th century, Vilnius Cathedral School was founded. The elements of logic were probably taught there. The growth of the political and economic power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania brought about the need for higher education. That need was significantly increased by the growing activity of various religious orders. In 1507 the Dominicans started teaching philosophy and theology to their novices. They were able to teach late medieval philosophy in its thomistic interpretation. We can regard 1507 as the year Lithuania benefited form a new phenomenon, professional philosophy, and the Dominicans as its initiators. They taught not only the disciplines of late medieval philosophy but also the basics of the other sciences. The Dominicans, and later the Jesuits, Franciscans, Bernardines, Carmelites, Trinitarians and other monastic orders, enriched intellectual life in Lithuania by teaching philosophy in their schools. (shrink)

The academic History of Philosophy in Lithuania in three volumes will be published by the Institute of Culture, Philosophy and Art. The first presented volume covers the development of Lithuanian philosophy from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It includes late medieval and Renaissance philosophy, the second scholasticism and modern philosophy. The first Lithuanians to be introduced to philosophy were young members of the gentry who studied in European universities at the end of the 14th century. The recently baptized Lithuania (...) strove to adopt Western culture and to present itself as a Western state. Some graduated from the universities as bachelors or masters of philosophy and returned to their country. At the end of the 14th century, Vilnius Cathedral School was founded. The elements of logic were probably taught there. The growth of the political and economic power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania brought about the need for higher education. That need was significantly increased by the growing activity of various religious orders. In 1507 the Dominicans started teaching philosophy and theology to their novices. They were able to teach late medieval philosophy in its thomistic interpretation. We can regard 1507 as the year Lithuania benefited form a new phenomenon, professional philosophy, and the Dominicans as its initiators. They taught not only the disciplines of late medieval philosophy but also the basics of the other sciences. The Dominicans, and later the Jesuits, Franciscans, Bernardines, Carmelites, Trinitarians and other monastic orders, enriched intellectual life in Lithuania by teaching philosophy in their schools. (shrink)

The academic History of Philosophy in Lithuania in three volumes will be published by the Institute of Culture, Philosophy and Art. The first presented volume covers the development of Lithuanian philosophy from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It includes late medieval and Renaissance philosophy, the second scholasticism and modern philosophy. The first Lithuanians to be introduced to philosophy were young members of the gentry who studied in European universities at the end of the 14th century. The recently baptized Lithuania (...) strove to adopt Western culture and to present itself as a Western state. Some graduated from the universities as bachelors or masters of philosophy and returned to their country. At the end of the 14th century, Vilnius Cathedral School was founded. The elements of logic were probably taught there. The growth of the political and economic power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania brought about the need for higher education. That need was significantly increased by the growing activity of various religious orders. In 1507 the Dominicans started teaching philosophy and theology to their novices. They were able to teach late medieval philosophy in its thomistic interpretation. We can regard 1507 as the year Lithuania benefited form a new phenomenon, professional philosophy, and the Dominicans as its initiators. They taught not only the disciplines of late medieval philosophy but also the basics of the other sciences. The Dominicans, and later the Jesuits, Franciscans, Bernardines, Carmelites, Trinitarians and other monastic orders, enriched intellectual life in Lithuania by teaching philosophy in their schools. (shrink)

The first Lithuanians to be introduced to philosophy were young members of the gentry who studied in European universities at the end of the 14th century. The recently christened Lithuania strove to adopt Western culture and to present itself as a Western state. At the end of the 14th century, the Vilnius Cathedral School was founded. The elements of logic were probably taught there. The growth of the political and economic power of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania brought about the (...) need for higher education. The need was significantly increased by the growing activity of various religious orders. In 1507, the Dominicans started teaching philosophy and theology to their novices in Vilnius. They taught late medieval philosophy in its Thomistic interpretation. We can regard 1507 as the year Lithuania began to benefit from a new phenomenon, professional philosophy, with the Dominicans as its initiators. The Dominicans and later the Jesuits, Franciscans, Benedictines, Carmelites, Trinitarians, and other monastic orders enriched intellectual life in Lithuania by teaching philosophy in their schools. The most important event in the development of philosophy in Lithuania was the foundation of Vilnius University in 1579. The disciplines belonging to scholasticism of the second level were taught in its philosophy department. (shrink)

Spätestens seit der berühmten Anekdote vom Bild der schönen Helena gilt körperliche Schönheit als ein Kunstprodukt. Für sein Bildnis der Helena soll der griechische Maler Zeuxis die fünf hervorragendsten Jungfrauen ausgewählt und von jedem Modell den jeweils schönsten Körperteil gemalt haben. Nach dieser Vorstellung ist vollkommene Schönheit erst durch einen künstlichen Eingriff zu erzielen; das gilt sowohl für den lebendigen Körper als auch für sein künstlerisches Abbild. Kunst und Körperpflege stehen damit in einem spannungsvollen Wechselverhältnis. Denn die Grundlagen und Mittel (...) zur Erzeugung und Steigerung von körperlicher Schönheit, die in beiden Bereichen zur Verfügung stehen, überschneiden, ergänzen und beeinflussen sich. Das Buch beleuchtet dieses Wechselverhältnis anhand ausgewählter Grundlagentexte in deutscher Übersetzung, ergänzt um fundierte Kommentare zum historischen Kontext. (shrink)

Tiriama filosofijos klasiko apibrėžtis ir jo kūrybos didumo kriterijai. Šiuo aspektu žvelgiama į I. Kanto kûrybos sukeltas inovacijas ir jos šiuolaikinį aktualumą. Reikšminiai žodžiai: filosofijos klasikas, didumo filosofijoje kriterijai, antlaikiškumas, įpėdinystė. THE GRAND ENRICHMENT OF THE MIND SPHERE Romanas Plečkaitis Summary The article reflects on the question of the greatness in philosophy and Immanuel Kant’s contribution as the grand enrichment. The academic world of the professors of philosophy is the instance that defines the criterion of greatness in philosophy. Both the (...) work’s style and mistakes are not considered as such criterion. Kant was one of the creators of the eighteen-century mind. He discovered the new Foundations for person and value of human beings. Keywords: classic of philosophy, criterion of majesty in philosophy. (shrink)

A fenomenologia nasceu como teoria do conhecimento. Kant, antes mesmo de Husserl, foi o primeiro a encampar o uso do termo “fenômeno” em suas investigações acerca dos limites e possibilidades do conhecimento. Das reflexões kantianas acerca do dualismo entre fenômeno e noumenon, nasceu sua teoria do conhecimento, posteriormente classificada de criticismo. Assim, é no campo da gnosiologia que o termo fenômeno debuta na cena filosófica. A apropriação do termo fenômeno por Husserl se deu em seu profícuo projeto filosófico de resolução (...) da querela entre racionalistas e empiristas, bem como do enfrentamento da problemática das diferenças, limites e possibilidades do conhecimento científico e do conhecimento psicológico de um objeto, este tema de muito maior complexidade e fôlego filosófico. Em outras palavras, o enfrentamento do intrincado dualismo entre coisa real e coisa psicológica, o conhecimento do objeto real e o conhecimento psicológico do objeto. Dessas questões nasceu a proposta de Husserl de um método fenomenológico que asseguraria meios de superar essa traiçoeira armadilha que levaram muitas teorias do conhecimento a misturar o objeto real e o objeto psicológico. A fenomenologia deixou um legado de grande monta para as pesquisas na área da educação. A literatura é vasta, profícua e sedimentada no uso do método fenomenológico na interpretação de dados colhidos em pesquisas qualitativas. Aqui, o uso dos conceitos fenomenológicos na metodologia de pesquisa permite ao pesquisador apropriar-se do objeto investigado naquilo que ele tem de específico, bem como aferir as particularidades e movimentos típicos de um objeto de pesquisa que é vivo e pulsante como a educação. Além disso, também é sedimentada a contribuição da fenomenologia para a Psicologia. Ora, as reflexões inaugurares de Husserl se debruçaram sobre o tema da consciência, em específico, da consciência posicional – aquela que se lança sobre o mundo e se debruça sobre algo visado. Assim, há que se considerar Husserl um psicólogo e, por decorrência, que a Psicologia, há de se considerar também, possuir pés fincados na fenomenologia. Não obstante isso, fenomenologia ainda é um campo aberto para outros temas afetos à educação. Refiro-me, em particular, as contribuições da fenomenologia para as reflexões em torno de uma antropologia existencial e de uma ética existencial. Refletir sobre o que o homem é, enquanto ser vivido em meio ao mundo, e que este homem é único, com um êthos singular, são campos de investigações fundamentais para a educação. De fato, aferir que a criança tem uma historicidade própria e irrepetível, que ela é uma singularidade em meio ao mundo e, por fim, que o mundo da vida é o universo em que ela se apresenta enquanto pessoa, permitem entender os processos educativos desde um lugar não homogêneo, mas singular e diverso. Ao contrário disso, partir do entendimento de que a criança possui características iguais ou similares entre si e que a aprendizagem segue um padrão de desenvolvimento, são armadilhas típicas que as pesquisas na área da educação se tornam reféns, para não dizer multiplicadoras. Os tão decantados bordões típicos da área da Educação, tais como: “cada criança aprende de um jeito”, “cada criança se desenvolve de forma particular”, “cada criança vem para a escola com um universo cultural próprio”, encontram na fenomenologia aspectos conceituais que permitem uma leitura e interpretação profícuas acerca dessas máximas. Se “[...] a educação tem haver com o nascimento, com o fato de que constantemente nascem seres humanos no mundo”[1], então é sobre a antropologia e a ética da existência que a educação encontra um campo dialógico importante, mas ainda incipiente e em aberto. De fato, são poucas as investigações no campo da educação fundamentadas numa antropologia existencial - aquela que concebe o humano enquanto singularidade -, e numa ética da existência – aquela que concebe modos de vida singulares. Se cada ser que nasce é único e é esse ser que torna possível a educação, então uma antropologia existencial e uma ética da existência emergem como teorias afetas à educação. É, enfim, nesse campo, profícuo e em aberto, que este dossiê propõe apresentar contribuições para as pesquisas na área da educação e da fenomenologia. [...] [1] ARENDT, Hannah. A crise na educação. In: Entre o passado e o futuro. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 1972, p. 223. (shrink)

In classical Latin, luxuria means 'desire for luxury'; it is linked with the ideas of excess and deviation from a standard. It is in most cases labelled as a vice which contrasts with the innate frugal nature of the Romans. Latin authors do not see it as endemic but as an import from the East in the aftermath of military conquests--and as a cause of fatal decline. Following these etymological and semantic origins, Roman Luxuria: A Literary and Cultural History discusses (...) the influence of Greek culture on the Roman concept and the peculiar characteristics of Roman luxuria. It analyses Roman views on luxuria through close readings in historical order from Cato the Elder, who regards luxuria as the opposite of the ideal Roman way of life, to the Christian poet Prudentius, who represents it in an allegorical fight with Sobriety. The book attends both to key authors and to wider literary genres, such as historiography and satire. Particular consideration is given to the rhetorical device of personification, which can be traced from the first appearances of luxuria in Latin literature to those of late antiquity. Berno devotes detailed attention to Seneca the Younger, whose work is often preoccupied with this passion. Seneca both defends himself from the charge of luxuria and violently attacks it in others, describing it as the archenemy of a philosophical life. Along the centuries, the focus on luxuria shifts from the economic sphere (and the waste of money) to the erotic, to the extent that in the Christian world it becomes one of the Seven Capital Sins representing the vice of lust. (shrink)