La filosofía del mal en Kant: un «pensamiento-límite»

Apuntes Filosóficos 16 (2000)
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Abstract

Frente a la posición escolástica dominante hasta d siglo XVIII que consideraba  el mal como ausencia de ser. Kant denuncia el mal como realidad existente, no meramente lógica, cuyo carácter negativo proviene de su  oposición  al deber  moral.  Kant  nos va a decir que el  mal es contraposición real, no simplemente  una carencia. Este carácter ontológico del mal pone en tela de juicio la visión moderna del Progreso: éste no es el desenlace natural del devenir humano, ya que es posible también progresar en el mal, como abundante ha probado la historia, incluso la reciente. De ahí la necesidad de replantearse el ser del hombre,  a la luz de su  responsabilidad  trascendental.  Si hay razones para el optimismo, no descansan en una fe ciega en el hombre, sino en su capacidad moral para superar su propia inclinación al mal.  In opposition to the scholastic view dominant until the 18"' Century,  that evil was but the absence of being, Kant maintains chat evil is actual reality, not merely logical, and that its negate character lies in its opposition  co moral duty.  Kant asserts that  evil  is real contrariety,  not simply  deficiency. This ontological character of evil challenges the modern idea of progress: Progress is not the •natural• course of events, since it is also possible to progress in evil, as history –events recent hit story- has proved abundantly. Therefore the question  of the being of man  must  be reformulated  in the light of his transcendental responsibility Whether there are reasons for optimism, they cannot  be based on the faith in man, bur on his moral capability to overcome his own tendency to evil

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