Nuestro objetivo es analizar críticamente el enfoque de la noción de modelo de Alfred Tarski que Patrick Suppes integra en su concepción semanticista de las teorías científicas. En efecto, mostraremos cómo esta noción se configura en Suppes (1969; 1970) desde una revisión formal de la noción de modelo en Tarski (1936), focalizando nuestro análisis en tres ejes principales: i) una crítica a la perspectiva estática del semanticismo; ii) un análisis de las condiciones restrictivas y el lenguaje para la axiomatización de (...) teorías; y iii) la revisión de las nociones de ‘sistema axiomático’, ‘sistema formal’ y ‘método axiomático’. (shrink)

En este artículo delineamos una propuesta para elaborar una lógica de las ficciones desde el enfoque lúdico del pragmatismo dialógico. En efecto, centrados en una de las críticas mayores al enfoque clásico de la lógica: la esquizofrenia estructural de su semántica, recorremos los compromisos ontológicos de las dos tradiciones mayores de la lógica para establecer sus posibilidades y límites en el análisis del discurso ficcional, y la superación desde una perspectiva lúdico pragmática.

This paper aims to propose an inferential and dynamic approach to understanding with models in biology. Understanding plays a central role in the practice of modeling. From its links with the other two central elements of scientific research, experimentation, and explanation, we show its epistemic relevance to the case of explanation in biology. Furthermore, by including the notion of understanding, we propose a non-referentialist perspective on scientific models, which is determined by their use.

This paper aims to propose an inferential and dynamic approach to understanding with models in biology. Understanding plays a central role in the practice of modeling. From its links with the other two central elements of scientific research, experimentation, and explanation, we show its epistemic relevance to the case of explanation in biology. Furthermore, by including the notion of understanding, we propose a non-referentialist perspective on scientific models, which is determined by their use.

En las últimas dos décadas ha surgido en epistemología una perspectiva que rescata la noción de _comprensión_ e intenta ponerla en el foco principal de la discusión sobre la modelización científica, al considerar que tiene un papel fundamental en la actividad del conocimiento. Desde una breve revisión de algunas ideas del pragmatismo americano y del inferencialismo de Mauricio Suárez, el objetivo de este trabajo es proponer una definición inferencial de la comprensión científica. Se afirma que la comprensión cumple un papel (...) central en la práctica de la modelización, como término de éxito cognitivo, y que puede introducirse como una noción importante para la discusión acerca de la función explicativa que tienen los modelos. (shrink)

This paper explores the main philosophical approaches of David Hilbert’s theory of proof. Specifically, it is focuses on his ideas regarding logic, the concept of proof, the axiomatic, the concept of truth, metamathematics, the a priori knowledge and the general nature of scientific knowledge. The aim is to show and characterize his epistemological approach on the foundation of knowledge, where logic appears as a guarantee of that foundation. Hilbert supposes that the propositional apriorism, proposed by him to support mathematics, sustains (...) — on its turn — a general method for the treatment of the problem in other areas such as natural sciences. This method is axiomatic. Broadly speaking, we intend to recover and update the Hilbert’s philosophical thinking about the role of logic for scientific knowledge. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to propose the notion of dialogical assertion as a minimal unit of knowledge in the frame of dialogical pragmatism. We argue that this minimal unity is the dialogue for the p thesis, accompanied by its game of giving and asking for reasons for a winning strategy for the proponent. Thereby, we explore the problem from the semantic framework proposed by Shahid Rahman to present a dialogical definition of that concept. Furthermore, we show how the (...) notion of proposition ceases to be the primordial logical concept and how it is replaced by the notion of assertion as an act in the process of a dialogue game and following the fundamental insights of Brandom and Martin-Löf. This pragmatic approach to logic will abandon the idea that the proposition is the minimum logical unit of true knowledge. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es proponer una justificación lógica del proceso de razonamiento sustitutivo en la práctica del modelado en ciencia. Para ello, definimos la generación de hipótesis como la creación de un diálogo interactivo y formal entre el modelo y el sistema objetivo. Para describir esta idea desde un punto de vista lógico, nos basaremos en el enfoque pragmático de la Dialógica como marco ideal para ilustrar las interacciones lógicas.

In this paper we argue, from an inferential approach, that the inferential role played by a model, during modeling practice, is independent of the notion of representation engaged with the chosen modeling approach. Indeed, we believe that the notion of surrogative reasoning is neither subsidiary nor founded on the notion of representation and that it will only find its foundations in logic itself. Neither the notion of representation is an inferential notion nor FIM is a type of representation-based thinking.

Current Perspectives in Philosophy of Biology.

Current Perspectives in Philosophy of Biology.

Current Perspectives in Philosophy of Biology.

Health has an important role in the achievement of a good quality of life. Many public policies intended to enhance individual and population health. Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach (CA) offers a framework to assess well-being, as well as interventions seeking to increase it. There are, however, important practical challenges that must be faced before applying CA to concrete situations, such as health. One of these challenges is defining whether it is functioning or a capability that is the feature to be (...) assessed. Moreover, some aspects of freedom that are relevant for CA are frequently neglected, such as agency. These aspects must be considered when performing a health assessment using the CA as a framework. A health assessment using the CA as a framework should include indicators based on the achieved dimension (health functioning), resources and conversion factors (health capability), and freedom to achieve (agency). (shrink)

Imagine a scenario where you are cooking and suddenly, the contents of the pot start to come out, and the oven bell rings. You would have to stop what you are doing and start responding to the changing demands, switching between different objects, operations and mental sets. This ability is known as cognitive flexibility. Now, add to this scenario a strong emotional atmosphere that invades you as you spontaneously recall a difficult situation you had that morning. How would you behave? (...) Recent studies suggest that emotional states do modulate cognitive flexibility, but these findings are still controversial. Moreover, there is a lack of evidence regarding the underlying brain processes. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to examine such interaction while monitoring changes in ongoing cortical activity using EEG. In order to answer this question, we used two musical stimuli to induce emotional states (positive/high arousal/open stance and negative/high arousal/closed stance). Twenty-nine participants performed two blocks of the Madrid Card Sorting Task (MCST) in a neutral silence condition and then four blocks while listening to the counterbalanced musical stimuli. To explore this interaction, we used a combination of first-person (micro-phenomenological interview) and third-person (behavior and EEG) approaches. Our results show that compared to the positive stimuli and silence condition, negative stimuli decrease reaction times (RTs) for the shift signal. Our data show that the valance of the first emotional block is determinant in the RTs of the subsequent blocks. Additionally, the analysis of the micro-phenomenological interview and the integration of first- and third-person data show that the emotional disposition generated by the music could facilitate task performance for some participants or hamper it for others, independently of its emotional valence. When the emotional disposition hampered task execution, RTs were slower, and the P300 potential showed a reduced amplitude compared to the facilitated condition. These findings show that the interaction between emotion and cognitive flexibility is more complex than previously thought and points to a new way of understanding the underlying mechanisms by incorporating an in-depth analysis of individual subjective experience. (shrink)

To begin with, it is analysed the representation of the urban space which is articulated in some classical and utopian stories (Moro, Campanella). In these stories we are facing with a proposal of ideal society as expression of an organizing will of human reason which faces with nature and bets for the construction of a better future. In this context, those cities dreamt by utopias must be considered as imaginary skethes in a concept of real construction which determined a large (...) extent of urban modernity. Such utopian will has suffered an important break throughout the second half of XX Century, such as it is testified by a serial of anti-utopia stories both in literature (Orwell, Huxley or Dick); and above all, in the recently filmography (Blade Runner, Brazil or Matrix). This displacement in future cities´desing entails not only a reversal on the utopian speech codes, which would be the real reflection of the contemporary experience of the subject inside the urban space, but also a consequence of the development and crisis in Western modernity. In addition, this involves a decisive mutation in the concept of future which would affect substantially to our civilization in the beginning of the XXI Century. (shrink)

Rodrigo Castro Orellana La première partie de l’article analyse certains des aspects fondamentaux du débat sur la théologie politique, principalement à partir des recherches de Carl Schmitt. Ensuite, il étudie la mise à jour de cette controverse par Giorgio Agamben en identifiant ses principaux enjeux théoriques et politiques. Enfin, dans la troisième section, l’article étudie le contraste entre le concept de pouvoir pastoral de Michel Foucault et la version spécifique de la sécularisation proposée par le paradigme théologico-historique.

Resumen: El artículo estudia los aspectos fundamentales de la crítica de Dussel al modelo formal de hegemonía desarrollado por Laclau. En este contexto, se presenta la propuesta de una hegemonía popular ligada a la centralidad de la reproducción de la vida como criterio normativo de la política y se denuncia el decisionismo abstracto de la teoría populista laclauniana. Pero también en este texto se ofrece, siguiendo la lectura de Castro-Gómez, una crítica de las tesis de Dussel desde un punto de (...) vista postfundacionalista, lo que supone cuestionar la idea misma de un universal incondicionado. Finalmente, concluimos exponiendo una crítica a algunas de las coordenadas teóricas compartidas por ambos autores, identificando las limitaciones del concepto mismo de hegemonía.: This article studies the fundamental aspects of Dussel’s critique of the formal model of hegemony developed by Laclau. In this context, a concept of popular hegemony tied to the centrality of the reproduction of life as a normative criterion in politics is proposed, as well as an argument against the abstract decisionism of the populist theory of Laclau. The text also offers -as suggested by Castro-Gomez’s reading- a critique of Dussel’s ideas from a post-foundationalist perspective, which leads to questioning the very idea of an unconditional universal. Finally, we conclude by positing a critique of some of the theoretical viewpoints shared by both authors, identifying the limitations of the very concept of hegemony. (shrink)

El artículo se inicia con un análisis acerca de la relación que Hayek establece entre los fundamentos del liberalismo clásico y las teorías darwinianas. De esta manera, identificamos un campo semántico que resultaría decisivo para una genealogía del factor competencia, reconociendo a este último como la hipótesis principal que fundamenta la naturalización del capitalismo. A partir de esto ofrecemos una revisión y actualización de la célebre obra El apoyo mutuo de Kropotkin con el objetivo de invalidar desde una perspectiva histórica (...) la comprensión de la sociedad como un territorio de lucha salvaje entre los seres humanos por la subsistencia. (shrink)

Se analiza, en primer lugar, la representación del espacio urbano que se articula en algunos de los relatos utópicos clásicos . En estos escritos nos encontramos ante una propuesta de sociedad ideal como expresión de la voluntad ordenadora de la razón humana que se enfrenta a la naturaleza y que apuesta por la edificación de un futuro mejor. En este contexto, las ciudades soñadas por las utopías deben considerarse como esbozos imaginarios de un concepto de construcción real que determinó significativamente (...) buena parte de la modernidad urbana. Dicha voluntad utópica ha sufrido un importante resquebrajamiento a partir de la segunda mitad del Siglo XX, como lo testimonian una serie de relatos contra-utópicos en la literatura y, sobre todo, en la cinematografía reciente . Este desplazamiento en el diseño de las ciudades del futuro trae consigo una inversión en los códigos del discurso utópico, que sería fiel reflejo de la experiencia contemporánea del sujeto en el espacio urbano y consecuencia del desarrollo y la crisis de la modernidad occidental. Todo esto implica, además, una mutación decisiva en la noción de futuro que afectaría sustancialmente a nuestra civilización de principios del Siglo XXI. (shrink)

El artículo presenta un análisis del tratado segundo de La genealogía de la moral identificando la existencia de dos aproximaciones diferenciadas al problema de la crueldad. Por una parte, una perspectiva transmutadora y afirmativa del sufrimiento y, por otro lado, una modalidad reactiva de enfrentarlo que deriva en el resentimiento contra la vida. Estos dos puntos de vista son expuestos como dos relatos históricos a partir de diferentes referencias a las obras de Nietzsche y teniendo especialmente presente la lectura de (...) Deleuze. Se muestra el proceso que hizo posible el triunfo de los ideales hostiles a la vida y el horizonte de redención que el pensador alemán vislumbra a través del concepto de la «gran salud». El artículo concluye esbozando una presencia en las teorías políticas contemporáneas de estos dos modos de pensar la crueldad y de sus supuestos antropológicos. (shrink)

La filosofía se ha servido muchas veces del viaje como metáfora de una idea y en ese juego simbólico la cuestión del retorno ha sido algo insoslayable. Quizás la primera metáfora de estas características sea la alegoría platónica de la caverna. En ella, el viaje representa el movimiento ascendente de la filosofía desde el fantasmagórico mundo sensible hasta la contemplación de las ideas puras en el mundo inteligible. Pero, como a menudo se olvida, dicha travesía no culmina en este punto. (...) Sócrates debe regresar perentoriamente a las entrañas de la caverna y ello supone una excursión aún más peligrosa que la anterior. De este modo, Platón formula un problema decisivo para el saber filosófico: el dilema ético-político del retorno a la caverna, asunto que interpela de un modo o de otro a toda la tradición del pensamiento occidental. En este contexto, resulta posible identificar la existencia de una matriz platónica, que entiende el viaje como un ascenso teórico al reino de lo universal que culmina en el descenso y la imposición de la idea como forma de dar orden a un territorio hostil y caótico; y una matriz nietzscheana que concibe el viaje como una travesía aciaga y, a la vez, como una odisea jovial por una superficie lúdica y abismal que supone la disolución de todo aquello que pueda llamarse ascenso o descenso. En este último sentido, se explora la posibilidad de una filosofía sin retorno, es decir, de un pensamiento que en el viaje se entrega a una otredad irremediablemente inabarcable. (shrink)

El artículo presenta un análisis del curso de Foucault Le pouvoir psychiatrique, exponiendo los alcances y las consecuencias de la operación de reescritura de la Histoire de la folie que éste lleva a cabo. Se registra, en primer término, la inscripción del problema de la locura en el marco del estudio de los dispositivos disciplinarios. Posteriormente, se establece una articulación entre el poder psiquiátrico y la gestión biopolítica que pone en evidencia un proceso de psicologización de la vida que se (...) estaría difundiendo y multiplicado en los dos últimos siglos, y que alcanzaría su punto de culminación en las sociedades neoliberales avanzadas. (shrink)

El artículo estudia tres formas diferentes de articulación del «discurso poshegemónico»: el uso histórico, la construcción ontológica y las teorías de la multitud, identificado la específica modalidad de negación del concepto de hegemonía que opera en cada una de ellas. Se evalúa el rendimiento de estas críticas desde el punto de vista de su efectividad histórica. Es decir, considerando su capacidad para diagnosticar adecuadamente las sociedades contemporáneas y su energía para desarrollar un pensamiento y una acción política transformadora que esté (...) en condiciones de suponer un antagonismo sustantivo a las condiciones imperantes del poder en nuestro presente. (shrink)

This article analyses some of the main aspects that characterize the genealogy of thought proposed by the so-called decolonial turn. The article focuses on a specific case: Walter Mignolo’s interpretation of the work of Guamán Poma de Ayala, Primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (S. XVII). In this context, I will present a critique of the reduction made of Guamán to a frontier thinker whose hallmark would be to introduce the question of the coloniality of power. I will propose as (...) an alternative approach the study of Primer nueva corónica as a cultural product of the Euro-American archive. (shrink)

En esta nota crítica se analiza el libro de José Luis Villacañas Ortega y Gasset. Una experiencia filosófica española desde la perspectiva de los aportes y rendimientos teóricos que podría contener el pensamiento de Ortega y Gasset para nuestra filosofía contemporánea. En este contexto, se identifican dos tareas filosóficas fundamentales. En primer lugar, el desarrollo de un pensamiento que esté en condiciones de superar a Husserl y Heidegger. En segundo término, la necesidad de desplegar una teoría de la vida a (...) la altura de la complejidad de nuestra contemporaneidad. (shrink)

With advances in medical science, the concept of agency has received increasing attention in biomedical ethics. However, most of the ethical discussion around definitions of agency has focused either on patients suffering from mental disorders or on patients receiving cutting-edge medical treatments in developed countries. Very little of the discussion around concepts of agency has focused on the situation of patients suffering from common diseases that affect populations worldwide. Therefore, the most widely-used definitions of agency may be not appropriate to (...) analyse common diseases among large populations. The branch of social sciences known as development studies draw on their own definitions of the term agency that may provide a more applicable and accurate way of referring to common and general cases than the definitions currently used in bioethics. Moreover, the psychological Self-Determination Theory may improve the usefulness of these definitions in common situations. This article explains the characteristics and the shortcomings of current bioethical definitions of agency when they are applied to common medical conditions worldwide. A new, value-based concept of agency, informed by development studies, is proposed as more accurate and useful for biomedical ethics. (shrink)

En este trabajo se presenta una explicación para el problema de las versiones abstractas de la tarea de selección de las cuatro tarjetas de Peter Wason: los discretos resultados de los participantes cuando se enfrentan a ellas. Nuestra explicación apunta a que los sujetos no comprenden la regla de la tarea como un condicional, sino como un bicondicional, provocando tal circunstancia que no elijan las tarjetas correctas. Santamaría planteó una objeción para todo enfoque que defienda que en la tarea de (...) selección se produce una interpretación bicondicional de la regla, pero nosotros también respondemos aquí a dicha objeción atendiendo a la primacía que en el razonamiento humano puede tener la regla lógica del modus ponens. Igualmente, exponemos un estudio, basado en diálogos de seminario tutoriales al modo socrático, realizado por nosotros con el propósito de comprobar si nuestra explicación puede ser viable y comentamos los resultados obtenidos. In this paper, we present an explanation for the problem of the abstract versions of Peter Wason’s four-card selection task: modest subjects’ results when they are confronted with these tasks. Our explanation poses that individuals do not comprehend the task rule as a conditional sentence, but as a biconditional one, causing that subjects do not choose the correct cards. Santamaría presented an objection for any approach that suggests a biconditional interpretation in the task selection. In this work, we discuss this objection based on the apparent primacy of a logical rule in human reasoning: modus ponens. Additionally, we present a study based on Socratic dialogue seminars with a tutorial style, developed by us, to check whether our explanation is viable or not, and discuss the results achieved. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of a brief informed consent quiz to detect consent comprehension in individuals with cognitive impairment and to explore the degree to which cognitive domains and recent substance use, independently, predict comprehension. We performed a secondary analysis of two cross-sectional studies in individuals with substance use disorders. The ICQ total score was used as the index test and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as reference standard in receiver operating characteristic curves. Two (...) independent multiple binary logistic regression models were performed using cognitive domains and days of recent substance use as predictors of ICQ outcome. We analyzed data from 215 and 251 participants, respectively. The ICQ showed moderate accuracy for major cognitive impairment and lower accuracy for mild impairment. Optimal cutoff score was set at 10 points or less for detecting comprehension difficulty. Lower scores in Short-Term Memory, Attention, Language, and Orientation increased the probability of failing the ICQ. A procedure including both the ICQ and cognitive screening measure could improve the accuracy of consent comprehension assessments. (shrink)

The Purpose in Life Test is a measure of purpose in life widely used in many cultures and countries; however, cross-cultural assessments are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the PIL in the general population of seven Latin American countries. A total of 4306 people participated, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, where Uruguay has the highest mean age ; while Ecuador has the lowest mean age. Furthermore, in each country, there is a higher proportion (...) of women than men. Using Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the factorial structure does not show evidence of invariance among the included countries. However, based on the Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment, there is evidence that a three-dimensional structure of the PIL is the same in the participating countries. Results based on item response theory indicate that most PIL items can significantly differentiate responses according to the level of life purpose. In addition, people with low life purpose will tend to choose the lower response alternatives on the PIL; while people with higher life purpose will choose higher response alternatives. The findings indicate that the PIL has the potential to increase knowledge about how people conceive and experience their purpose in life in different countries. (shrink)

This study analyses the emotional exhaustion of students inhigher education, derived from the extremely technology-relatedstrain associated to the current COVID-19 pandemic in a conservation of resources’ approach. Technostress, as source of emotional exhaustion, was investigated in a sample of 333 students in a medium size public university in Spain. Data was collected in May 2020, during the COVID lockdown. After literature review, a structural model was developed, linking technostress with emotional exhaustion. Results confirm the expected cause-effect relationships. In addition, the (...) study reveals two mediator variables that must be considered when managing students′ suffering, perceived stress and intrapersonal conflicts. This study contributes to the academic literature in the field of managing and mitigating suffering. They do so by providing both new knowledge and empirical evidence on the effects of technostress in the new generations that will soon join the working life. (shrink)

Recent decades have seen a considerable and progressive increase in historical claims. Within the context of colonialism criticism, but also outside this sphere, numerous politicians, collectives and intellectuals have emerged to denounce certain acts of the past, demanding recognition and repentance that would compensate for these past affronts. In this article we will analyze one of these cases: the demand for an apology from Spain and the Vatican by the President of Mexico, López Obrador. Taking as a guide the debate (...) around the ethical problem of non-identity, we will see what ethical and metaphysical assumptions serve as the basis for these claims. We will also assess whether the claims of the so-called «historical victims» are consistent and ethically acceptable. (shrink)