The author rejects Marek Witkowski’s conclusion to the effect that no one is morally responsible for anything. This conclusion is based on the implication “x is morally responsible à x’s will is free” and the claim “no one’s will is free” which is justified, in its turn, by pointing out that there are only two possibilities of how it comes about that one wants something: either one’s state is necessitated according to a certain law or it is coincidental, both the (...) possibilities entailing, in Marek Witkowski’s opinion, the absence of the freedom of the will as he understands it. (shrink)

The semantic rules governing natural language quantifiers (e.g. "all," "some," "most") neither coincide with nor resemble the semantic rules governing the analogues of those expressions that occur in the artificial languages used by semanticists. Some semanticists, e.g. Peter Strawson, have put forth data-consistent hypotheses as to the identities of the semantic rules governing some natural-language quantifiers. But, despite their obvious merits, those hypotheses have been universally rejected. In this paper, it is shown that those hypotheses are indeed correct. Moreover, data-consistent (...) hypotheses are put forth as to the identities of the semantic rules governing the words "most" and "many," the semantic rules governing which semanticists have thus far been unable to identify. The points made in this paper are anticipated in a paper, published in the same issue of the Journal of Pragmatics, by Andrzej Boguslawski. (shrink)

The book is not only dedicated to linguists, but also to readers who are not familiar with notations developed in linguistics. The first part of the study presents philosophical justifications for linguistic settlements. These are based on the phenomenological reduction of Edmund Husserl, Karl R. Popper's falsificationism, the moderate rationalism of science of Izydora Dąmbska and Andrzej Bogusławski's lack of the nomological explanation in linguistics. The second part presents a re-examination of the solutions proposed in the field of (...) linguistics, some new philosophical explanations and a discussion of the truth of linguistic propositions. (shrink)

On the basis of arguments put forth by (Kripke, 1977a) and (Kripke, 1980), it is widely held that one can sometimes rationally accept propositions of the form "P and not-P" and also that there are necessary a posteriori truths. We will find that Kripke's arguments for these views appear probative only so long as one fails to distinguish between semantics and presemantics—between the literal meanings of sentences, on the one hand, and the information on the basis of which one identifies (...) those literal meanings, on the other. This same failure, it will be argued, underlies the popular thesis that intersubstituting co-referring terms sometimes turns true sentences into false ones and vice versa. Though seemingly plausible, this thesis has a number of counterintuitive consequences, among them that the occurrence of “snow” in “it is true that snow is white” doesn’t refer to snow. An understanding of the distinction between semantics and presemantics suggests a way to develop a semantic system that doesn’t have these consequences and that, moreover, reconciles our intuitions concerning cognitive content with some powerfully argued theses of contemporary philosophy of language. Some of this paper's main contentions are anticipated by Andrzej Boguslawski in his 1994 paper “Sentential Complementation and Truth.”. (shrink)

We continue investigations of reasonable ultrafilters on uncountable cardinals defined in previous work by Shelah. We introduce stronger properties of ultrafilters and we show that those properties may be handled in λ-support iterations of reasonably bounding forcing notions. We use this to show that consistently there are reasonable ultrafilters on an inaccessible cardinal λ with generating systems of size less than $2^\lambda$ . We also show how ultrafilters generated by small systems can be killed by forcing notions which have enough (...) reasonable completeness to be iterated with λ-supports. (shrink)

It is rather uncontroversial that gender should have no influence on treating others as equal epistemic agents. However, is this view reflected in practice? This paper aims to test whether the gender of the testifier and the accused of assault is related to the perception of a testimony’s reliability and the guilt of the potential perpetrator. Two experiments were conducted: the subjects (n = 361, 47% females, 53% males) assessed the reliability of the testifier in four scenarios of assault accusation, (...) in which the only difference was the gender of the people presented. During the study, we have observed dependencies of gender and ascription of reliability, but only marginal differences in guilt attribution. The results of our research may constitute an argument for the existence of different epistemic status endowed on people depending on their gender and existing gender stereotypes. Our results suggest that gender bias may be situated at a deeper level than the linguistically triggered representation. (shrink)

This article continues Rosłanowski and Shelah (Int J Math Math Sci 28:63–82, 2001; Quaderni di Matematica 17:195–239, 2006; Israel J Math 159:109–174, 2007; 2011; Notre Dame J Formal Logic 52:113–147, 2011) and we introduce here a new property of (<λ)-strategically complete forcing notions which implies that their λ-support iterations do not collapse λ + (for a strongly inaccessible cardinal λ).

We prove that the Sacks forcing collapses the continuum onto ${\frak d}$ , answering the question of Carlson and Laver. Next we prove that if a proper forcing of the size at most continuum collapses $\omega_2$ then it forces $\diamondsuit_{\omega_{1}}$.

We continue developing the general theory of forcing notions built with the use of norms on possibilities, this time concentrating on ccc forcing notions and classifying them.

We continue investigations of reasonable ultrafilters on uncountable cardinals defined in Shelah [8]. We introduce a general scheme of generating a filter on λ from filters on smaller sets and we investigate the combinatorics of objects obtained this way.

The aim of this article is to point out the basic areas of judgment made by employees considering the ethical or unethical behaviour of employers in the workplace. The authors analyse this subject from three perspectives: The first one is labour legislation in Poland; the second is the perspective of employers, especially codes of ethical standards created by contemporary organizations, and the third perspective is the point of view of employees. The conclusions in this area have been made on the (...) basis of research in two Polish insurance companies. The authors attempted to create a ranking of ethical elements significant for employees. Such knowledge could be very useful for creating proper personnel policy in any organisation. (shrink)

The authors of mediaeval treatises on the modi significandi (often entitled De modis signi­ficandi, or Summa grammatica, or Summa modorum significandi, or Grammatica speculativa) have come to be known as the Modistae who taught in the late Sixties of the 13th till the Thirties of the 14th centuries. The present study is an account of the grammatical theories of this group of mediaeval scholars (mostly the work of Thomas of Erfurt), set in the appropriate context of situation and seen in (...) terms of the part they played in mediaeval semiotic theory, since their theory rests on the study of words and the properties of these words as signs of things. At the end of the present study the influence of the speculative grammar on present linguistic theories is announ­ced. Some influence of the speculative grammar one could discover in many contemporary lin­gui­stic theories like those of Noam Chomsky, Ronald Langacker, Robin Lakoff and even Ray Jackendoff. (shrink)

We continue investigations of forcing notions with strong ccc properties introducing new methods of building sweet forcing notions. We also show that quotients of topologically sweet forcing notions over Cohen reals are topologically sweet while the quotients over random reals do not have to be such.

We address several questions of Donald Monk related to irredundance and spread of Boolean algebras, gaining both some ZFC knowledge and consistency results. We show in ZFC that . We prove consistency of the statement “there is a Boolean algebra such that ” and we force a superatomic Boolean algebra such that , and . Next we force a superatomic algebra such that and a superatomic algebra such that . Finally we show that consistently there is a Boolean algebra of (...) size λ such that there is no free sequence in of length λ, there is an ultrafilter of tightness λ and. (shrink)

Our main result states that a finite iteration of Universal Meager forcing notions adds generic filters for many forcing notions determined by universality parameters. We also give some results concerning cardinal characteristics of the σ-ideals determined by those universality parameters.

This book presents the theory of the validity of legal norms, aimed at the practice of law, in particular the jurisdiction of the constitutional courts. The postpositivist concept of the validity of statutory law, grounded on a critical analysis of the basic theories of legal validity elaborated up to now, is introduced. In the first part of the book a contemporary German nonpositivist conception of law developed by Ralf Dreier and Robert Alexy is analysed in order to answer the question (...) whether the juristic concept of legal validity should include moral standards or criteria. In the second part, a postpositivist concept of legal validity and an innovative model of validity discourse, based on the juristic presumption of the validity of legal norms, are proposed. The book is a work on analytical legal theory, written from a postpositivist, detached point of view. (shrink)

W artykule omówiono kontakty dwóch znaczących osobistości w Polsce przełomu XVI i XVII wieku – wojewody Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego i jezuity ks. Piotra Skargi. Pierwsze ich spotkanie nastąpiło, gdy Zebrzydowski rozpoczynał swoją publiczną działalność, a ksiądz Skarga był już doświadczonym kapłanem i jezuitą. Zebrzydowski nosił się wówczas z zamiarem fundacji kolegium jezuickiego w rodowych dobrach w pobliżu Lublina. Kolejna znacząca współpraca związana była z powołanym do istnienia w Krakowie przez ks. Skargę Bractwem Miłosierdzia. Ksiądz Skarga bardzo pozytywnie oceniał postawę i zaangażowanie (...) Zebrzydowskiego w obydwa dzieła. Sytuacja uległa dość znaczącej zmianie, gdy Zebrzydowski, obrażony na Króla Zygmunta III Wazę, przeszedł do opozycji antykrólewskiej i stanął na czele rokoszu. Ksiądz Skarga dwukrotnie udał się do wojewody, aby odwieść go od tego nielegalnego działania. Poselstwa nie przyniosły pozytywnego rezultatu. Wzajemnie relacje obu osobistości uległy oziębieniu, choć można przypuszczać, że Zebrzydowski pod ich wpływem w końcu pogodził się z królem. Pewne relacje z jezuitami dalej podtrzymywał, ale już bez poprzedniego zaangażowania. (shrink)