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This paper argues that it is part of the concept of the positive integers that they are for the sake of numbering things (what Benacerraf calls transitive counting). Numbers are necessarily associated with standard, conventionally established counting sets constituted by the Peano axioms; they cannot be specified independently of a paradigm counting stock, any more than lengths can be part of a system of assessment without appeal to some standard object. Scepticism deriving from Kripke and Salmon is countered by acknowledgement (...) that the paradigms themselves are among the means by which the terms of the system get applied and adjudicated. (shrink)

This paper presents the evaluation of the alpha version of a gamified tool called Call for Papers: The Game (CfP:TG), specially designed for teaching scientific writing in the training of future engineers. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling was carried out with the participation of engineering students from a Peruvian public university. The short version of the user experience questionnaire (UEQ) was applied, and usability was qualitatively evaluated. The main results indicate that the Pragmatic Quality of CfP:TG is in the neutral range (...) with a value of 0.729, and the Hedonic Quality receives a positive evaluation with a value of 1.089. (shrink)

Much of the literature on the free energy principle has focused on how organisms maintain homeostasis amidst a constantly changing environment. A fundamental feature of the FEP is that biological entities are “hard-wired” towards self-preservation.However, contrary to this notion, there do exist organisms that appear to seek out rather than avoid conditions that pose an elevated risk of serious injury or death, thereby jeopardizing their physiological integrity. Borrowing a term used in 1990s popular culture to refer to stunt performers like (...) Evel Knievel, these organisms that exhibit such behavioural characteristics can be referred to as daredevils.This paper presents the case of daredevils as a challenge to the FEP’s homeostasis- and optimization-based construal of biological systems. It also introduces three possible explanatory strategies by which the FEP can account for daredevils. The broader objective of the paper is to enhance the FEP’s ability to account for a diverse range of complex behaviour. (shrink)

The last crash of the «kingdom of rationality» organized by postindustrialist globalization in the end of XX century is in reality a deadline of human prehistory. The mechanical thought told us about the prohibition of scientific research in such fields as artificial intellect with an appeal to war against science. From one side of left mondialism in style «West against the rest» we see a pseudophilosophical avantgardist idea of thousands truths, deconstruction, tolerance with the rhetorique of struggle against terrorism. From (...) second side in the spirit of wright avtarkism a la «The rest against the West» postulates the global evel and thedevelopment of planet to a neofeudal state. It is necessary to point out ten questions to philosophers. Only ten questions to philosophers world community. The positive answer will turn philosophy to social reality and will define the degree of decline of world philosophy in the end of postindustrialist globalization. (shrink)

Abstrak: Karl Theodor Jaspers, seperti para eksistensialis lain, bergumul dengan persoalan eksistensi manusia. Kekhususan Jaspers terletak pada titik fokus. Orientasi pemikiran Jaspers tidak bukan pada struktur eksistensi, tetapi pada pencapaian eksistensi. Menurut Jaspers, manusia tidak memiliki kekuatan untuk bereksistensi. Eksistensi hanya dapat dicapai dalam relasi dengan Transendensi. Berangkat dari keyakinan ini, Jaspers membangun pemikiran eksistensial metafisiknya dengan pertanyaan dasar, bagaimana manusia dalam situasi konkrit dapat menjangkau Transendensi. Pergumulan ini membawa Jaspers pada eksplorasi chiffer sebagai medium menuju Transendensi. Transendensi berevelasi dalam (...) chiffer, sehingga untuk menjangkau-Nya, manusia harus masuk dan keluar melalui chiffer. Jalan metafisik Jaspers adalah membaca dan menginterpretasi chiffer. Pembacaan akan membawa manusia pada pengalaman mistik revelasi, dan interpretasi chiffer menghasilkan penerangan untuk membangun hidup secara otentik. Keputusan untuk mengikuti penerangan Transendensi menjadi awal dari eksistensi. Pemikiran eksistensial metafisik Jaspers dapat berkontribusi bagi masyarakat pluralis zaman modern yang cenderung gamang dengan keberadaan dan terkurung dalam pola pikir rasionalitas teknologi. Kata-kata Kunci: Eksistensi, Transendensi, metafisika, chiffer, revelasi jalan panjang. Abstract: Karl Jaspers, like other existentialists, thinks about the problem of human existence. Jaspers speciality lies at the point of focus. The orientation of Jaspers thought is not of the existence structure, but how to reach it. According to Jaspers, human beings have no power to exist. The existence can only be achieved in relation with Transcendence. From this point of faith, Jaspers constructs this existential metaphysical thought, how human being in concrete situation can reach Transcendence. This thought takes Jaspers at chipher exploration as a medium toward Transcendence. Transcendence evelates into chipher so that to achieve it, human being must be in and out through chipher. Jaspers metaphysical way is to read and interpreted chipher. The reading will bring human beings to mystic revelation existence, and interpretation of chipher will result in enlightenment to live a life authentically. The determination to follow the enlightenment of Transcendence becomes the outset of existence. Jaspers existential metaphysical thought can contribute to plural community at the modern era which tends to be confusing with situation and limited in the pattern of rational and technological thought. Keywords: Existence, Transcendence, metaphysics, chiffer, long way revelation. (shrink)

Reason and revelation are two important guides for humanity. People can find the right path only thanks to these two guides. Fatānah is the peak of functional intelligence, which is a special attribute given to prophets. At the same time, this attribute is the ability and competence to use reason in the best way. Needless to say, this attribute comes along with great values and privileges. This prophetic attribute not only reflects the human aspect of the prophets but also points (...) to a qualification through which they receive revelation. Through this feature, prophets, on the one hand, try to understand revelation and apply it. On the other hand, they solve the problems in their community by practicing ijtihād in cases where revelation has not come. This creates a great power that makes them superior to others. As it is known, everyone’s mental faculties are different. Although people are given intelligence according to their degree, they are not given the attribute of fatānah. At this point, reason means the power of understanding, comprehension, thinking, and reasoning. Fatanāhis a superintelligence through which prophets can see events from multiple perspectives and analyze them in depth. We shall briefly mention the fatanāh of the Prophets Muhammad and Abraham as examples. The Prophet Muhammad fought for tawḥīd (God’s unity) in his polytheistic society. In order to transform the society in question, he reformed them by acting with reason, logic, and reasoning with the support of revelation. At the end of this struggle, he successfully transformed his community into a religious, theistic, and moral society in 23 years. He was the authority to solve the people's problems in both Mecca and Medina. He successfully found solutions to peoples’ problems. His success has been explained by the attribute of fatanāh, along with divine support. When we look at the life of Prophet Abraham, who is considered to be the ancestor of the prophets, the attribute of fatānahis clearly seen in his prophecy. That is to say, in his discussions with his father Āzar, Prophet Abraham wanted him to think that "idols are inanimate objects that do not harm or benefit anyone and have no function in creation." The best example of his superintelligence is that he broke the idols in the idol household with an axe and hung the axe around the neck of the big idol. On this occasion, he made idol-worshippers use their intellect. The subject of this article is to emphasize the importance of this attribute found in the prophets, along with the support of revelation, as an example for people. To better explain the subject, the paper also examines the intellect-revelation relationship and intellect-superintellect relationship. (shrink)