The Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania was enacted on 4 June 2002. However, the practice of ten years has shown that even the systematisation of this branch of law by means of codification could not help avoiding gaps in labour law. The Lithuanian labour law system balances on the brink of flexibility, liberalisation and stability. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal side of this problem and to evaluate the quality of legal regulation of labour (...) relations, also to propose instruments and means to improve them. The main aim of the article is to show the difference between gaps in labour law and some similar (contiguous) legal phenomena that will also be discussed in the article. (shrink)

Les Grecs anciens n'ont pas unifié l'idée de civilisation en un concept ni sous un mot uniques. Envisagée comme un processus depuis les origines, elle se présente comme une série d'acquisitions ou de pertes au terme desquelles s'est forgée une condition humaine fortement ambivalente. Conçue comme un état, elle se rencontre à l'intersection de trois axes: celui d'un régime et d'une éducation qui apprivoisent la nature; celui d'un régime politique respectueux de la loi; celui d'une politique extérieure respectueuse de la (...) justice. Mais en grec, régime politique et hégémonie portent le même nom (archê). En naturalisant et en légitimant la domination romaine Denys d'Halicarnasse en fait une force de civilisation. (shrink)

Les historiens grecs se sont préoccupés des actions (praxeis) humaines dans l’ordre politique et militaire. Pourtant, la conception qu’ils se font de la justice (dikè, dikaion) – à laquelle ils rapportent plus ou moins directement l’ordre du monde et le cours des choses – comme d’un mécanisme de stricte rétribution et de rétablissement des équilibres rompus; leurs définitions de la nature humaine qui permettent de verser tout débordement au compte de ce qui n’est plus totalement ou plus du tout humain; (...) enfin, la manière dont ils construisent leur autorité d ‘historien : non par l’établissement critique des faits, mais grâce à l’identification de leur point de vue avec celui de la puissance de justice organisatrice du monde, sont autant d’obstacles à une problématisation éthique de l’action. Les notions d’équité, de bienveillance à l’égard des êtres humains, de mesure, de pitié interviennent bien dans leurs jugements, mais finissent toujours par se mouler dans le cadre de pensée dominant de la justice rétributive. (shrink)

L’article adopte un point de vue unitaire selon lequel sont interrogés à la fois les témoignages sur la physique d’Antiphon, les fragments du Peri aletheias, ainsi que les plaidoyers et, parmi les œuvres qu’on a longtemps considérées comme « morales », le Peri homonoias. Une analyse détaillée d’Aristote, Physique II, 193a10‑27, et de ses commentateurs anciens, ainsi que du Peri Aletheias (F44a Pendrick, col. II, 23‑30) sert de point de départ à une mise à l’épreuve ultérieure de la thèse par (...) la lecture suivie de l’ensemble. Il s’agit de soutenir qu’Antiphon affirme et montre la superposition nécessaire du nomos sur la physis en établissant leur inégal statut ontologique, de substrat matériel d’une part, de forme accidentelle surajoutée d’autre part. Cette interprétation trouve son prolongement dans l’analyse des deux xympheronta (celui de la nature et celui de la norme), et de l’heautos qui leur est couramment associé comme le « soi-même » le serait à « l’utile », selon l’idée qu’il serait question de combattre la norme au nom de l’intérêt personnel supposé, quant à lui, naturel. Le xympheron est plutôt pris ici comme « ce qui constitue », en anthropos, si c’est selon la nature ; en membre d’une communauté politique, si c’est selon la norme. La dépendance mutuelle de la physis et du nomos, comme de leurs xympheronta respectifs, fait alors que le naturel ne se révèle qu’à l’occasion de circonstances accidentelles et éphémères qui, un moment, isolent un membre d’un groupe politique de ce groupe-là, ou au prix d’une opération intellectuelle qui, pour un temps également, fait abstraction de l’œuvre constituante du nomos. (shrink)

Nous nous sommes proposés ici de montrer qu’Aristote caractérise le fou (μαινόμενος) dans le cadre d’un système différencié d’autres notions, sans en faire seulement un cas limite, quasiment impensé. Le point de départ de l’étude est l’analyse de la triade ἀκούσιον/δι᾽ ἄγνοιαν/ἀγνοῶν qui convoque aux côtés du fou : l’homme en colère, l’homme pris de vin, celui qui dort, le méchant (μοχθηρός), l’intempérant/incontinent (ἀκρατής), le malade. Cela implique de déterminer les types d’ignorance en cause dans les actes accomplis dans chaque (...) cas et, a contrario, en contraste avec la position socratique, les différentes formes de «l’être dans le savoir» : le savoir en entéléchie première et le savoir en acte ; le savoir du général et celui du particulier ; le savoir en acte sans intervention des affections (πάθη) et le savoir avec affections. Dans l’ensemble des catégories d’acteurs envisagées qui, selon les cas ne mettent pas en acte leur savoir de la différence entre le bien et le mal temporairement, ou le font durablement au point de transformer leur ignorance un état stable (ἕξις) de méchanceté ou encore par choix, comme l’acratique, dans cet ensemble donc, le fou apparaît comme celui qui agit par ignorance (δι᾽ ἄγνοιαν) et non pas de l’un ou de l’autre des paramètres d’une action particulière, mais de tous, à l’exception d’un seul : l’agent car, dit Aristote, «comment s’ignorer soi-même» (ἑαυτόν). Un autre moment de l’article consiste à analyser ce qu’est le soi-même en question et conclut à la réduction de l’αὐτός à ce qui accompagne la mise en acte de l’existence (τὸ εἶναι) que ce soit dans l’agir (πραττειν), le faire (ποιεῖν) ou le vivre (ζῆν). Le fou, en agissant, activerait simplement son sentiment d’exister et en cela ne pourrait «s’ignorer lui-même». Mais il faudra qu’il sorte de cette position et que, revenu à la connaissance de tous les paramètres d’un acte, il se repente de ce qu’il a accompli, pour avoir droit à la qualification d’ἀκούσιος («qui a agi contre son gré»). Chez Aristote la folie semble donc ne pouvoir être philosophiquement prise en compte que comme une crise dont on sort pour mettre en acte son savoir des paramètres d’une action particulière et n’est pas excusable parce que le fou «n’aurait pas eu conscience de son acte» mais parce qu’il a retrouvé la connaissance de ce qui compose un acte. (shrink)

Nous nous sommes proposés ici de montrer qu’Aristote caractérise le fou (μαινόμενος) dans le cadre d’un système différencié d’autres notions, sans en faire seulement un cas limite, quasiment impensé. Le point de départ de l’étude est l’analyse de la triade ἀκούσιον/δι᾽ ἄγνοιαν/ἀγνοῶν qui convoque aux côtés du fou : l’homme en colère, l’homme pris de vin, celui qui dort, le méchant (μοχθηρός), l’intempérant/incontinent (ἀκρατής), le malade. Cela implique de déterminer les types d’ignorance en cause dans les actes accomplis dans chaque (...) cas et, a contrario, en contraste avec la position socratique, les différentes formes de «l’être dans le savoir» : le savoir en entéléchie première et le savoir en acte ; le savoir du général et celui du particulier ; le savoir en acte sans intervention des affections (πάθη) et le savoir avec affections. Dans l’ensemble des catégories d’acteurs envisagées qui, selon les cas ne mettent pas en acte leur savoir de la différence entre le bien et le mal temporairement, ou le font durablement au point de transformer leur ignorance un état stable (ἕξις) de méchanceté ou encore par choix, comme l’acratique, dans cet ensemble donc, le fou apparaît comme celui qui agit par ignorance (δι᾽ ἄγνοιαν) et non pas de l’un ou de l’autre des paramètres d’une action particulière, mais de tous, à l’exception d’un seul : l’agent car, dit Aristote, «comment s’ignorer soi-même» (ἑαυτόν). Un autre moment de l’article consiste à analyser ce qu’est le soi-même en question et conclut à la réduction de l’αὐτός à ce qui accompagne la mise en acte de l’existence (τὸ εἶναι) que ce soit dans l’agir (πραττειν), le faire (ποιεῖν) ou le vivre (ζῆν). Le fou, en agissant, activerait simplement son sentiment d’exister et en cela ne pourrait «s’ignorer lui-même». Mais il faudra qu’il sorte de cette position et que, revenu à la connaissance de tous les paramètres d’un acte, il se repente de ce qu’il a accompli, pour avoir droit à la qualification d’ἀκούσιος («qui a agi contre son gré»). Chez Aristote la folie semble donc ne pouvoir être philosophiquement prise en compte que comme une crise dont on sort pour mettre en acte son savoir des paramètres d’une action particulière et n’est pas excusable parce que le fou «n’aurait pas eu conscience de son acte» mais parce qu’il a retrouvé la connaissance de ce qui compose un acte. (shrink)

After a quick overview on the specification of the causal role of the powers or faculties (δυνάμεις) in nutrition, from the Hippocratic physicians to Galen, via Aristotle, the article defines the set of questions about this process that the Hippocratic physicians leave open. It then examines how Aristotle provides some sort of indirect physical and ethical answers, while Galen openly takes the side of reappropriating the central Stoic concept of oikeiôsis in a Platonist way.

The boundary between interpretation and creation of law is sometimes so subtle and intangible that the court judgments may give rise to discussions about judges having taken the role of lawmakers. This article reveals the concept of ‘precedent’ in the Lithuanian legal system as the influence of the common law has increased on the continental law and ideas of stare decisis have been transferred to the Lithuanian legal system. The start for this was a famous judgment of 28 March 2006 (...) by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, where the court held that courts adopting decisions in cases of corresponding categories are bound by their own decisions in analogous cases; the courts of lower instance are bound by the decisions of the courts of higher instance in cases of the same categories. The notion of precedent has been widely used in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Lithuania. Thus, the term “precedent” has become almost as common as ‘judicial decision’. However, it is important to note that in the jurisprudence of Lithuanian courts and legal literature the notion of precedent has a different meaning than in the common law countries. It is, obviously, due to the different principles of the formation of the two systems: the common law and the continental law. (shrink)

In this article, we explore the concept of African communitarianism and reflect on its potential value for ecojustice education as a localised response to the wider ecological crises that i...

Resumo: O presente artigo sistematiza informações sobre a implementação do Programa Jovem de Futuro, PJF, na rede estadual de ensino no Pará, considerando suas implicações para o Direito Humano à Educação, DHE, de acordo com o proposto no Pacto Internacional sobre os Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais- PIDESC, que demarca quatro indicadores da ação estatal para a asseguramento do direito à Educação. São eles: Disponibilidade, Acessibilidade, Aceitabilidade, Adaptabilidade e, ainda, Controle Social incorporado na matriz de pesquisa. Em diálogo com tais (...) indicadores, coletamos informações em páginas oficiais da Secretaria Estadual de Educação do Pará e do ator privado responsável pela implementação do Programa, o Instituto Unibanco. Procedemos análise de documentos oficiais localizados nas referidas páginas, além de consultar a produção nacional sobre o PJF, com ênfase à sua consolidação no estado do Pará, no período de 2011-2018. A pesquisa de tipo qualitativa, apoiada em revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e coleta de dados de fontes primárias e secundárias, possibilitou a constatação de forte influência do setor privado na educação pública paraense, que direcionou a adoção de modelos de gestão empresarial para a obtenção de melhores resultados educacionais, com controle e monitoramento em todas as etapas do PJF, com sérias consequências ao DHE. Palavras-chave: Direito Humano à Educação; Jovem de Futuro; Instituto Unibanco; Privatização. The Jovem de Futuro program in Pará and the implications for the Human Right to Education – DHE Abstract: The article systematizes information about the implementation of the The Youth with a Future Program - PJF in the state education in Pará, considering its implications for the Human Right to Education - DHE, in accordance with what is proposed in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - ICESCR, which outlines four indicators of state action to ensure the right to education. They are: Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability, Adaptability and accountability incorporated in the research matrix. Related with these indicators, we collected information on official pages of the Pará State Department of Education and on the private actor responsible for implementing the Program, Instituto Unibanco. We proceeded to the analysis of official documents located on the referred pages, in addition to consulting the national academic production on the PJF, with emphasis on its consolidation in the state of Pará, in the period 2011-2018. Qualitative research, supported by a bibliographic review, document analysis and data collection from primary and secondary sources, made it possible to verify the strong influence of the private sector on public education in Pará, which led to the adoption of business management models to obtain better results. educational institutions, with control and monitoring at all stages of the PJF, with serious consequences for the DHE. Key-words: Human Right to Education; Future Youth; Unibanco Institute; Privatization. Programa Joven del Futuro en Pará y sus implicaciones al Derecho Humano a la Educación – DHE Resumen: La presente investigación sistematiza informaciones sobre la implementación del Programa Joven del Futuro – PJF en la red estatal de enseñanza de Pará, considerando sus implicaciones al Derecho Humano a la Educación – DHE, de acuerdo con lo propuesto en el Pacto Internacional sobre los Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales – PIDESC, que demarca cuatro indicadores de acción estatal para el aseguramiento del derecho a la Educación. Son ellos: Disponibilidad, Accesibilidad, Aceptabilidad, Adaptabilidad y, aún, Control Social incorporado en la matriz de investigación. En diálogo con tales indicadores, reunimos informaciones en páginas web oficiales de la Secretaria Estadual de Educação do Pará y del actor privado responsable por la implementación del Programa, el Instituto Unibanco. Procedemos el análisis de documentos oficiales localizados en las referidas páginas, así como consultamos la producción nacional sobre el PJF, con énfasis a las consolidaciones en Pará, en el período de 2011 hasta 2018. La investigación de tipo cualitativa, apoyada en revisiones bibliográficas, análisis documentales y recopilación de datos de fuentes primarias y secundarias, posibilitó la constatación de fuerte influencia del sector privado en la educación pública paraense, que direccionó la adopción de modelos de gestión empresarial para la obtención mejores resultados educacionales, con control y monitoreo en todas las etapas del PJF, con serias consecuencias al DHE. Palabras-clave: Derecho Humano a la Educación; Joven del Futuro; Instituto Unibanco; Privatización. Data de registro: 02/05/2022Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Lietuvos Respublikos darbo ginčų instituto reformavimas ir kaita Nepriklausomybės laikotarpiu atskirų Europos Sąjungos valstybių patirties kontekste. Darbo ginčų reforma Lietuvoje minimu laikotarpiu vyko keliais etapais, iš jų paskutinysis, prasidėjęs 2013 m. sausio 1 d., pakeitė darbo ginčų komisijų organizavimo tvarką, šias komisijas pradėjus kurti teritoriniu principu, prie veikiančių Valstybinės darbo inspekcijos teritorinių padalinių, nustačius, kad į darbo ginčų komisiją su skundu gali kreiptis ne tik darbuotojas, bet ir darbdavys, įvedus kitas naujoves. Tačiau šie (...) pokyčiai vis dar neatspindi europinių tendencijų, kiek įmanoma mažiau institucionalizuoti ikiteisminę individulių darbo ginčų nagrinėjimo tvarką. Straipsnyje akcentuojama mintis, jog darbo ginčų instituto reforma laikytina nebaigta ir, tikėtina, bus tęsiama, remiantis pažangiausia kai kurių ES valstybių praktika šioje srityje, tačiau išlaikant nacionalinį teisinio reguliavimo ypatumą. (shrink)

The article deals with the impact of the recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on the German labour law practice. After a brief introduction of the general importance of the jurisprudence of the ECHR for the German labour law (I.), the authors illustrate the German and the ECHR’s jurisprudence on the duty of loyalty towards the ecclesiastic employer (II.) and whistle blowing (III.). Analysing this jurisprudence, the authors come to the conclusion that the ECHR approved the (...) principles of the German jurisprudence in these cases. Therefore, its impact on the practice will be rather marginal as it does not obtain such a far-reaching significance that a change in the jurisprudence regarding dismissals is to be expected. The judgements merely raised the awareness for the set of problems in the context of ecclesiastic employers and whistle blowing. In this regard, the article will try to provide the reader with basic directions on how to deal with this jurisprudence. Finally, the authors argue that concerns, the ECHR could evolve into a further instance reviewing all German judgements not only regarding the question if there is a violation of the Convention or not but regarding the correctness of the findings are unfounded. On the other side, the article addresses the problem that – apparently – applications have been declared admissible by the ECHR despite Art. 35 para. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights because the final decision on the national level – dismissing the complaint as inadmissible – did not reveal the reason why the application did not succeed. (shrink)

This article discusses the problematic aspects relating to the employee dismissal based on application of the disciplinary liability. It contains analysis of two grounds for termination of the employment contract without any previous notice: 1) imposing several disciplinary sanctions upon the employee in the course of twelve months, and 2) the employee has only one breach of labour discipline but a gross one. The article is based on legal acts and judgements of Judicial Assemblies of the Civil Division of the (...) Supreme Court of Lithuania and resolutions of the Senate of the Supreme Court of Lithuania in order to provide the legislative execution practice as well as reveal the problems in this field of labour law. (shrink)

On 19 May 2011, the Lithuanian Parliament adopted the Law on Temporary Agency Employment to implement the EU Directive on temporary agency work. Up to now there has been no special regulations for the so called “personnel lease”, although Lithuanian companies have been using such service since 2003. The law basically followed the recommendations of the Directive without setting additional restrictions. Temporary agency workers will be subject to the same conditions as permanent workers of employment agency clients are regarding working (...) and leisure time regime and work safety. The Law on Temporary Agency Employment will enter into force on 1 December 2011. The purpose of this article is to analyze the EU Directive on temporary agency work transfer to the Lithuanian legal system and the peculiarities of the theoretical and practical problems associated with the new regulation. Conclusions and suggestions for the improvement of the legal provisions are presented. (shrink)

The problems of introduction of flexible work arrangements into Lithuanian labour law are analysed in the paper. Since 1990-ies Lithuania started making huge changes in its economy moving from planned (Soviet) to modern market economy. Together with these changes the employment relationship started to change as well. But after 20 years of development we still see a lack of modern view towards flexible work arrangements in labour laws. The problems of introduction of flexibility into Lithuanian employment relationship are discussed with (...) the retrospective view and explanations of arising obstacles for implementation. Rulings of the Supreme Court of Republic of Lithuania are given to reveal problems existing in practice. Conclusions and suggestions for the improvement of legal provisions are presented. (shrink)

The article describes the evolution of problems in the Lithuanian labour law and labour law science since the re-establishment of independence in 1990. Three periods of evolution are presented: the Soviet period (lasted until 1990), the transitional period (1990- 2004) and the period of the Labour Code (2003 and onwards). During the Soviet period, the Code of Labour Laws regulated employment relationship in strict detail as the main employer was the state itself. Good reflections of that period can be pointed (...) out: active (but forced) collective bargaining, single tariff system that implemented equal treatment in the field of remuneration for work and fluent performance of enforcement of labour laws (legal clarity). During the transitional period, new labour laws were introduced and tuned-up with international labour standards (ILO), but in general there were no essential changes in practice. During all that period, the Lithuanian Labour Code was drafted and came in force in 2003. The period of the new Labour Code started together with the European integration and had to bring new trends of the European labour market into Lithuanian practice. The government and academics brought few initiatives for the liberalisation of labour laws but most of them were stuck in the stage of consulting with social partners (Tripartite Council). Nevertheless, 22 years after the collapse of command economy labour laws incompatible with free labour market still dominate. It is obvious that the Lithuanian Labour Code is outdated and needs general reconstruction. Scientific researches and the EU Council recommendations call for the introduction of flexibility, implementation of flexicurity aiming for full integration into the single European labour market. Some strict labour code rules are prevented from functioning in practice. The courts are forced to derogate from disproportionate and improper articles of the Labour Code. The author brings some of the existing problems of labour law into light and proposes their possible solutions. The existing crisis of labour law could be solved by drafting a new Labour Code with the help of academic researchers and by introducing it directly to the Parliament for adoption. (shrink)

This paper presents the results of an empirical study that reflects monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of some legal acts on the labour of the Republic of Lithuania. The analysis of legal documents at the national and international level is provided. A review of cognate studies conducted by foreign and Lithuanian researchers is presented and the professional situation of a Lithuanian teacher from the employee rights perspective is highlighted. The professional activities contexts and sectors, wherein systematic violations of teachers’ (...) rights to a healthy and safe working environment are possible, are distinguished. A lack of generalized scientific data of employee (especially teacher) working conditions, the actual security of relevant rights and its monitoring and evaluation is still felt both in the country and abroad. A contradiction between: a) insufficient research of the issue and b) its importance to science and practice, exactly presupposes the scientific problems of the empirical study presented in the given paper. The subject of the study: teachers’ rights to a healthy and safe working environment and a fair remuneration for their work. The objective of the study: to conduct monitoring and evaluation of the effective implementation of relevant legal norms and legal acts applying a written sociological survey. The study is based on the results of a mass country-wide written survey of teachers. (shrink)

This article discusses the problematic aspects relating to the employee privacy in his workplace and its limits reacting to employer‘s interests. It contains analysis of National, European and transatlantic legislation of privacy in the workplace and concentrates on the electronic privacy (e-mails, communications, etc.). The article is based on legal acts and judgements of the Supreme court of Lithuania, European Court of Human Rights and other countries courts judgements in order to provide the legislative execution practice as well as reveal (...) the problems in this field of labour law. (shrink)

Socialinio darbo teoretikai sutinka, kad Pierre’o Bourdieu sociologijos įtaka sociali­ niam darbui plečiasi ir gilėja. Kita vertus, kai kalbama apie socialinio darbo profesiją, tie patys teoretikai ignoruoja P. Bourdieu nuostatą nuo profesijos tyrimų pereiti prie profesinio lauko analizės. P. Bourdieu profesijos fenomeną laikė biurokratinės pri­ gimties konceptualizacija, kuri įtvirtina mokslinio mąstymo logikai prieštaraujančias heteronomijos apraiškas. Straipsnyje siekiama įgyvendinti P. Bourdieu reikalavimą ir, pritaikius jį socialiniam darbui, nuo socialinio darbo profesijos analizės pereiti prie socialinio darbo profesinio lauko (...) tyrimų. Straipsnyje ieškome atsakymo į klausimą, kaip keičiasi su socialiniu darbu siejamų veiklos formų arba praktikų traktavimas, kai socialinio darbo profesijos analizę keičia socialinio darbo lauko tyrimas. Palyginę trijų skirtingų šalių – JAV, Japonijos ir Lietuvos – socialinio darbo profesinės veiklos lau­ kus, priėjome prie išvados, kad profesinio lauko, kitaip nei profesijos, požiūris sudaro prielaidas įtraukti į socialinio darbo lauką tas socialinio įgalinimo praktikas, kurios, socialinio darbo profesijos požiūriu, lieka anapus biurokratinio socialinio darbo reg­ lamento. (shrink)