The article researches ethical problems of realization of human calling. On the basis of ideas of the ethics of E. Levinas and their interpretations the author proves the importance of ethical dimension of evaluation of calling as a way of self-actualization of a personality. The purpose of the study is to determine of the conditions and requirements for understanding of calling by personality. However, from the ethical point of view those conditions and requirements appeared to be independent from the individual (...) aims and visions of calling. Therefore, reveals itself the transcendence of the purpose of calling, devotion of a person to over-personal aims and values. The research analyzes the interrelations between the ideas of calling and mission or assignments of a man in the world. The ethical problem presents also the realization of the ethical obligations versus desires and will of calling. The article researches the problem of the purpose of life related to individual understanding of calling. The other issue of the study is the topic of a highest good as the aim and ethical dimension for calling. The theme of destiny and predestination researched as relevant for the experience of calling as well as the phenomenon of gift. Calling is a realization of given to a person and of his or her gifts. For the conclusion was determined the multidimensional character of values of human calling. In the essence of this phenomenon revealed the combination of personal and transcendent, over-personal motives. There is a hierarchy of levels of good in the experience of calling. The person must be able to build up and understand those levels by means of ethical thinking in order to realize calling in the life. There could not be an irresponsible calling of a person. It has to be a correlation of calling with responsibility to family, society and the world of higher ethical values. (shrink)

У статті розкривається сутність покликання як екзистенційного досвіду людини, як її відповідь на конечність буття і знаходження смислових зв’язків зі світом поза її межами. Досліджено поняття, в яких розкривається покликання як досвід людини. Проведено аналіз феноменального поля покликання. Досліджено феномени поклику і призначення, прагнення і заклику, потягу і виклику в їх відношенні до виявлення покликання людини. Ці спонукання розділено на внутрішні та зовнішні. Зовнішні за походженням виклики, заклики і призначення виявляють об’єктивні умови існування людини. Внутрішні спонукання – потяги, прагнення та (...) поклик – існують лише у їх переживанні та зусиллі їх здійснити. Поклик як внутрішнє спонукання визначено як основний феномен покликання. Показано, що покликання здійснюється як відповідь на поклик. Як таке покликання є трансцендуючим, переходить межі суб’єктивності, зв’язує особистісні та понадособистісні рівні буття людини. (shrink)

У статті розвивається концепція укорінення як основи життєвого світу й ідентичності людини. Розкрито загрози життєвому світу й ідентичності внаслідок руйнування довкілля і культурної традиції як свідомих практик агресора з метою подолання спротиву і викорінення народу з власної землі. Антитезу «укорінення» та «викорінення» показано як внутрішню сутність боротьби у воєнний час. Укорінення виявлене як моральний чинник: «укорінений – не викорінює» (С. Вейль). Викорінення показане як загальна колонізаторська і злочинна практика, відповідальність за яку покладається не лише на виконавців, а й на тих, (...) хто виявляє з нею згоду або байдужість. Анонімне зло війни розкрите як таке, що підважує людяність і не має залишатися без покарання. Відновлення справедливості аргументовано як умову збереження ціннісного порядку і людяності у світі. Мир подано як ситуацію, в якій переможець і переможений розуміють моральне значення подій війни та її справедливі наслідки. (shrink)

У статті розкрито основні засади християнського соціального вчення в аспекті розуміння мети і сенсу людського існування у світі. У цьому контексті розглянуто ідеї представників патристики та визначальні положення сучасної католицької богословської думки, передусім ті, що висвітлені у папських енцикліках соціально-етичного спрямування. Проаналізовано поняття покликання у католицькому християнстві, зокрема його розуміння папою Бенедиктом XVI, подане в енцикліці «Caritas in veritate». Визначено, что характерним для християнства є розуміння покликання: як вияву Божої любові до людини; як завдання до особистісного розвитку, відповідальності та активної (...) участі у перетворенні світу; як зобов’язання до продук- тивної діяльності і праці. Зазначено притаманні християнському розумінню покликання есхатологізм, уявлення про трансцендентну мету буття людини у світі, опертя на аргумент віри в осягненні сенсу діяльності та у здійсненні покликання. (shrink)

Досліджено екзистенційний аспект етики покликання особистості. На основі аналізу положень екзистенційної аналітики та подальшого осмислення ціннісного виміру буття людини у творчості М. Гайдеггера виокремлено цінності само-буття, необхідні для виявлення і розуміння феномена покликання. Показано, що цей ціннісний вимір задається такими поняттями, як екзистенційна совість, екзистенційна істина, цінність переживання конечності буття, цілісність, рішучість, онто-діалектична свобода екзистенції, турбота про автентичність існування. Обґрунтовано, що екзистенційні цінності визначають той спосіб буття людини, за якого можливі змістовні визначення моралі. Розглянуто, яким чином у розумінні покликання присутній (...) аргумент понадособистісної мети та істини буття. В аспекті аналізу феномена покликання розкрито обмеженість можливостей опертя на достеменності самосвідомості суб’єкта та індивідуального буття людини в європейській метафізиці. Результати дослідження доповнюють аналіз покликання як феномена людського буття в аспектах розуміння його ціннісного змісту, взаємозв’язку його екзистенційного та етичного осмислення. Представлені результати можуть бути використані у викладанні курсів філософії, етики, педагогіки та в подальших наукових дослідженнях. (shrink)

Захист природи і відновлення екологічного балансу людського довкілля неможливі без консолідації зусиль усього людства. Актуальною проблемою є формування етичної мотивації широкого загалу людей для зміни наявної неефективної політики і практики природокористування. У дослідженні розкрито застосування концепції покликання як філософсько-етичного феномена до вирішення екологічних проблем. Покликання визначено як смислове ціле, яке об’єднує особистісні бажання, здібності, діяльність для їх реалізації та оцінку досягнених результатів відповідно до розуміння людиною особистісного, суспільного або духовного блага, на яке вони спрямовані. Проаналізовано поклик як інтерналізовану соціальну спонуку (...) людини у сфері природоохоронної діяльності. Розкрито значення моральних почуттів і етичних принципів адвокації, солідарності, відповідальності, справедливості для виявлення і реалізації покликання до захисту природи. На основі аналізу філософських праць К.-О. Апеля, М. Гайдеґера, Т. В. Гардашук, А. М. Єрмоленка, Г. Йонаса, М. М. Кисельова, Х. Копніної, К. М. Маєр-Абіха та релігійної думки (папа Франциск, патріарх Варфоломій) проаналізовано проблему антропоцентризму в етиці і завдання консолідації антропології, етики і екології у пошуку шляхів вирішення кризи довкілля. Обґрунтовано принципи спільної відповідальності і надособистісного блага у покликанні людей на захист природи. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of hatred in philosophic, psychological, and ethical aspects, and of its motivating role during the war. Explicating the philosophical un- derstanding of hatred, the author analyzes the “Treatise of Human Nature” by Hume and ex- plains the structure of hatred as the unity of the elements “cause-object-end” as well as the role of empathy in their genesis. In the article, the author proves that hatred as a passion is not a (...) hu- man instinct or only an emotion, while having an intention towards the understanding of another person and ethical evaluation of his or her motives and actions. The author analyzes the psycho- logical structure of hatred as a durable complex of negative attitudes, motives, emotions, and dispositions of a person formed in individual and social existence. The multilevel way of experience and content of hatred explicated by the range from simple negation of other beings to the ex- pression of moral judgement and demand of the retribution of hurt and struggle against evil. The author analyzes the concept of hatred by R. and K. Sternberg as a negation of intimacy of the other combined with various emotions and commitments of a person to act. Based on that, the article discusses the possibilities of the acquisition of ethical content by hatred and analyzes the typology of hatred by J. Gee (simple hatred, prejudicial hatred, malice and spite, retributive hatred, and moral hatred). The author of the article argues that the higher forms of conscious and controlled hatred possess rational components and moral content. The author concludes that the retributive hatred as a reactive moral attitude towards the blame of the wrongdoer and the de- mand of holding him responsible is an appropriate form of motivation for the resistance during the war and the establishment of peace. This kind of hatred plays a legitimate role in a mature person’s moral life and can be ethically justified. (shrink)

Людяність як елемент життєвого світу переважно не піддається рефлексії. Це – виявлення самозрозумілої людської сутності в стосунках з іншими людьми, а також стосовно природних істот та світу ідеалів і вірувань. Бути людиною – це виявляти певне ставлення до себе та до інших – співчуття, повагу, любов, доброту, гідність, щирість. Людяність не є однією з чеснот, вона є буттєвою основою суспільної моралі та особистісної моральності, тим надлишком доброти, на який спираються будь-яка моральна норма та обов’язок. Людяність є життєвим світом для звичаїв, (...) моралі і особистої моральності. У повсякденності людяність існує майже непомітно, як звична атмосфера ввічливості, доброзичливості поміж членами суспільства. Але в часи воєн та гострих соціальних конфліктів, коли підважуються норми моралі, і особистість опиняється на межі втрати себе та світу спів-буття, людяність стає тим опертям, що дає змогу зберегти особистісну ідентичність, моральне ставлення до інших і віднайти горизонти порозуміння у світі. (shrink)

У статті досліджено співвідношення понять «покликання» і «професія» в мотиваційному аспекті. Доведено, що поняття «покликання» стосується передусім нематеріальної, етичної мотивації діяльності людини, має відношення до суб’єктивного переживання і розуміння сенсу існування. Натомість, професія пов’язана з продуктивною працею, соціальним статусом особистості. Однак, оскільки покликання завжди реалізується в якомусь полі діяльності людини, виявляється у певній сфері, суперечність, яка може вбачатися у цих поняттях, є відносною. Проаналізовано смислові аспекти культурно-історичної ґенези та особливості сучасних тлумачень понять «професія» та «покликання», зокрема в англомовному просторі. На (...) основі публікацій та власного прикладного дослідження підтверджено актуальність чинника покликання для формування мотивації до праці та професійного вибору сучасної молоді в Україні та поза її межами. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the analysis of understanding of calling in the works of Skovoroda and its significance for the world-views and life choices of contemporary people. The current crisis phenomena are explicated in the light of the points of Skovoroda’s philosophy on the disparity between material and spiritual dimensions of human existence, irrelevance of work, devaluation of self-knowledge, individualism, and consumerism. The result is spiritual slavery and inability of people to respond to the challenges of contemporaneity. According to (...) Skovoroda’s principle of self-knowledge, a person has to hear the internal call of existential truth or “God’s Spirit” which motivates for work, public service, and moral improvement. The author explicates 3 semantic levels in Skovoroda’s philosophy of calling: individual, social, and spiritual. By Skovoroda, calling appears as a natural desire to act in a certain sphere, but its end is in the Kingdom of God. The author presents the results of the research of the experience of calling of contemporary Ukrainians and explicates the typology of that experience. The article states that the revealed structure of calling “desire-abilities-realization-good” corresponds in general with the understanding of calling by Skovoroda. Therefore, this structure is constant over time. Nevertheless and contrary to the ethics of Skovoroda, nowadays, the motivation of self-development prevails over the value of care for common good and spiritual goals in understanding of calling. The comparison of the experience of calling in the minds of student youth in Ukraine and in the USA confirms its identity on the basis of common Judaic-Christian tradition. The differences in the contemporary understanding of calling are determined along the lines of religiosity versus secularity, and Protestantism versus Eastern Christianity. In particular, noted moral rigorism of the protestant understanding of calling as an obligation, whereas Jews and the other Christians conceive calling in the forms of light, easiness, and happiness. The author reasoned the significant motivating and pedagogical capability of the idea of calling in the contemporary world. The article emphasizes the importance of Skovoroda’s critical philosophic attitude towards individualism and consumerism in the direction of overcoming problems of environment, particularly of climate change induced by unstoppable growth of energy consumption, and of anthropological crisis. (shrink)

The article deals with the analysis of the experience of calling in the existential and phenomenological aspects. The phenomenon of call revealed in the experience of sensing and understanding of human being towards the world and as an event of a personal existence. The study proves that calling responds to the human need of going over the limits of own self towards the co-existence with people, serving the life-work and the ideals. The author analyses the problem of existential and religious (...) truth. The research discovers the meaning of voices and silence in the phenomenal field of calling. Analyzed the difference between the vocal and visual experience, between the feeling and seeing, the necessity of organization of a sound being in human self-consciousness. The meaning of silence is explicated as an internal space of human experience. Silence is researched as an existential phenomenon, as a special mood making possible for a personality to experience the fullness of being. Silence is revealed as an existential dimension of the origin of language, of the voice of conscience and as a reality of the experience of responsibility of a personality. Therefore, in silence takes place sensing of oneself and occurs the revelation of a call for a person. (shrink)

Purpose of the study is explication of ethical and existential conditions of realization of human responsibility for the protection and recreation of the environment on a scale of the common world with all the other living beings. The crisis of the environment is the crisis of human morality. For responsible environmental management, it is necessary to form the ecological consciousness of society and reinterpret the anthropocentrism on the ethical foundations. The theoretical basis of the research is the analysis of ethical (...) and existential dimensions of understanding of the human environment ranging from the sphere of the home and the natural environment to the dimension of the common world of people and all the entities. The work clarifies the genesis of the concept of home from the ancient "oikos", household to the idea of home as a "hub", a base for mental and physical mobility in the contemporary technosphere. Correspondent to the transformation of the living world of mankind is the concept of communication and universal discourse of norms and values of human coexistence of J. Habermas, К.-О. Apel, D. Böhler, W. Kuhlmann, and others. The domain of the ecological consciousness and behaviour also requires motivation at the level of human feelings, beliefs, and convictions, which is represented by the philosophic and religious thought of H. Jonas, O. Leopold, K. M. Меуеr-Abich, A. Naess, the pope Francis, and others. As the result, the study proves the relevance of the concept of care about the common home based on the recognition of the value of the existence of all beings. Originality. The study explicates the genesis and meaning of the ethos of the common home with values of love, care, openness, solidarity, freedom, and responsibility which is proved to be the ethical and existential condition of the solution of the environmental crisis. The traditional anthropocentrism is reinterpreted towards the duty of people to be the centre of the responsibility for the existence of all beings that requires both reason and care. Conclusions. The ethics of care for our common home completes the moral duty of people as providers of the universal discourse who represent the interests of all beings. Concern for the preservation of the human environment and of all creation makes it possible for humanity to realize its universal responsibility in the world. The contemporaneous science and religious thought modify anthropocentrism to the holistic ethical understanding of human’s mission to be responsible for all beings. (shrink)

Interview of Vlada Anuchina, Yana Dziuba and Yana Gorobenko with Yevhen Prychepii.

Interview of Vlada Anuchina, Yana Dziuba and Yana Gorobenko with Yevhen Prychepii.

The Society of Control is a philosophical concept developed by Gilles Deleuze in the early 1990s to highlight the transition from Michel Foucault’s Disciplinary Society to a new social constitution of power assisted by digital technologies. The Society of Control is organized around switches, which convert data, and, in this way, exercise power. These switches take data inputs (digitized information about individuals) and transform them into outputs (decisions) based on their pre-programmed instructions. I call these switches “automated decision-making algorithms” (ADMAs) (...) and look at ethical issues that arise from their impact on human freedom. I distinguish between negative and positive aspects of freedom and examine the impact of the ADMAs on both. My main argument is that freedom becomes endangered in this new ecosystem of computerized control, which makes individuals powerless in new and unprecedented ways. Finally, I suggest a few ways to recover freedom, while preserving the economic benefits of the ADMAs. (shrink)

The Age of surveillance capitalism is a profound economical, sociological, political, philosophical, and ethical work by the American author, Harvard University Professor Shoshana Zuboff. In this work, she analyzes the new economic system, which she calls “surveillance capitalism.” This system revolves around the commodification of personal data, which allows human behavior to be predicted and “nudged” towards profitable ends. This system is historically unprecedented and has only become possible in the technological milieu of interconnected devices, which appeared in the 21st (...) century. In this article, I look at the issue of freedom in Zuboff’s work. I argue that her understanding of freedom involves three ethical dimensions, namely privacy, autonomy, and authenticity. I take “surveillance capitalism” as a theoretical framework, in which I explore several ethical challenges to freedom in the digital age. (shrink)

The author develops the concept of communicative equality based on Habermas’ theory of communicative action aimed at understanding. Linguistic interaction presupposes communicative equality as a priori condition of mutual understanding. It raises the critical issue of a role and place of misunderstanding and disagreement that we can meet in everyday communication. Following Rancir’s examination of disagreement the author is tracing sensible perception of social inequality by a part of communicators, as well as the emergence of political disagreement as its consequence. (...) The main part of the article devotes to realization of a conflict produced by speaking beings’ equality and experiencing inequality of distribution of parts of the common good. The author analyses Rancir’s innovative interpretation of concepts of politics, the politics of aesthetics, the police, the wrong, and new reading Aristotle’s and Plato’s notion of blaberon. The double logic of communication as both equality in mutual understanding and as the class struggle for social equality is shown, followed Ranciеr, on the example of historian and philoso- pher Ballanche, who in the early 19th century direct compared events of the French Revolution and the secession of Roman plebeians on Aventine Hill. The critics of Habermas’ theory of discursive rationality occupy the particular place of the article. His model of communication rejects an active role of the third person, i.e., the observer’s position in communicative actions oriented towards understanding. But addressing to other historical example of both the theorist-observer and one of Ukrainian revolution 1917–1921 leaders, writer Volodymyr Vynnychenko assists to clarify the meaning of “the third person” in communicative formation of a new political and cultural community. Finally, referring to Schmitt’s concept of the political as the existential conflict of recognition or negation of an opponent’s way of existence allows for a conclusion that studying existential dimension of communication can add to analysis of communication. (shrink)

The article is aimed at a philosophical study of the foundations/causes of war. Its background is a definition of the Russian-Ukrainian full-scale warfare as an irreconcilable existential conflict of the "Russian world" between the "Russian world" and the national world of Ukraine. Methodological specific of the article is reliance on the everydayness of a boundary situation of war to define the cultural world, as well as cultural identity as concepts that get existential meaning. Philosophy potential is used to clarify the (...) key question for today's war discourse about why the parties to the conflict are determined to take military actions, but not to resolve the conflict through peace negotiations. The answer is sought by comparing two ontologies of the world that there are in Habermas' communicative theory of action and Heidegger's fundamental ontology. Each of them provides an alternative concept of understanding and, accordingly, different foundations for its truth theory. This also provides a perspective, firstly, to distinguish two alternative positions of participants in the discourse of war – "internal" one as "being in a culture at war" and another of an "external" observer. Secondly, this distinction helps to explain why war as a conflict of cultural worlds could be considered from different philosophical points of view, namely from the position of the philosophy of communicative action, as well as in the context of existential analysis of being. Examination of the explanatory potential of both approaches is carried out on the basis of a comparison of different concepts of the world, fundamental to each of philosophers. It is done by clarifications of basics of two ontologies of understanding and, accordingly, of their theories of truth. The article indicates that the theory of truth in communicative philosophy is based on the regulative idea of the unity of the objective world. Instead, with reference to examples from Charles Taylor and Jean-Luc Nancy, the author claims that the fundamental ontology can be reinterpreted in terms of the plurality of being-in-common of people in sovereign cultural worlds. Accordingly, the interaction of representatives of different cultural identities under certain political conditions, i.e., official propaganda can turn into a radical disagreement of different existential understandings of the meaning of being, into a war of cultural worlds that cannot be overcome by just negotiations at the level of competent communication. The article ends with an open question about searching for ways to unify the mentioned ontological approaches. (shrink)

Interview of Vlada Anuchina, Yana Dziuba and Yana Gorobenko with Yevhen Prychepii.

Interview of Vlada Anuchina, Yana Dziuba and Yana Gorobenko with Yevhen Prychepii.

The globalization in business and tourism becomes crucial more and more for the economical sustainability of local communities. In the presence of an epidemic outbreak, there must be such a decision on the policy by the host community as whether to accept visitors or not, the number of acceptable visitors, or the condition for acceptable visitors. Making use of an SIRI type of mathematical model, we consider the influence of visitors on the spread of a reinfectious disease in a community, (...) especially assuming that a certain proportion of accepted visitors are immune. The reinfectivity of disease here means that the immunity gained by either vaccination or recovery is imperfect. With the mathematical results obtained by our analysis on the model for such an epidemic dynamics of resident and visitor populations, we find that the acceptance of visitors could have a significant influence on the disease’s endemicity in the community, either suppressive or supportive. (shrink)

За визначенням аналітиків, здоров’я, екологія, здоровий спосіб життя належать до цінностей, які сприймаються людиною як пріоритети другого, а може й третього порядку. Допоки людина здорова, особливої уваги щодо них вона не звертає. Водночас, якщо у неї з’являються проблеми зі здоров’ям, особливо ті, що безпосередньо загрожують її життєздатності, всі інші цінності втрачають сенс: життєзабезпечувальні пріоритети переходять у розряд найголовніших. Подолання цього парадоксу – одне з основних завдань системи освіти. На жаль, тривалий час означена проблематика знаходилась на периферії вітчизняної освіти та виховання. (...) Формування життєтворчих цінностей засобами освіти стало невід’ємною складовою сучасного гуманітарного виховання особистості. Загальноєвропейська та національні стратегії гармонійного розвитку молоді мають бути засновані на тісній взаємодії систем освіти та охорони здоров’я. (shrink)

В статті розглянуто особливості правової свідомості суспільства в контексті філософських категорій «розсудок» та «розум». Проведено ретроспективу досліджень у філософській традиції зазначених понять. Запропоновано вирізняти форми правової свідомості залежно від розвитку останньої. Виокремлено за даним критерієм дві форми правової свідомості, названі праворозсудковістю та праворозумністю. Досліджено зазначені форми правової свідомості та доведено необхідність трансформації сучасної правової свідомості суспільства від переважання праворозсудкості до домінування принципів праворозумності.

This work is aimed to identify the cultural changes that have occurred as a result of informatization. The article investigates the strategies of contemporary screen culture aimed to satisfy human needs in information. The analysis of technical improvement of information possibilities of screen media is based on J. D. Bolter's and R. Grusin's theory of remediation. The article identifies informational potentials of visual novel, which is the result of remediation of TV, movie and literary novel. In addition, the article investigates (...) the process of informatization by means of screen space formation or, in other words, by screen aesthetics. The article identifies and analyzes the hybridization strategy and the strategy of visual eclecticism. Hybridization strategy is a method to combine information of different nature, whereupon more truthful visual stories are created. It is mainly used in movies and video games. The strategy of visual eclecticism that allows viewers to perceive multiple information flows, mainly related to the screen space of modern television. The article, basing on G. Deleuze's concept of cinematic images, analyzes the informational characteristics of medium shot and the reasons of its frequent usage in modern movies. The comparison of essential characteristics of close-up shot and medium shot is made. It is determined that the change of emphasis on medium shot and full shot in contemporary cinema is related to the change of priorities in aesthetic human needs, because today the sense of presence of information becomes more important than emotions. The article notes the important problem of attitude changing towards information - the loss of its essential content characteristic. Screen aesthetics that now is served under the guise of information gradually replaces the value of the latter. The transition of information to the field of aesthetics says that its main essence is lost, because quantitative characteristics and the fact of presence are becoming more important than its quality. (shrink)

Interview of Vsevolod Khoma, Kseniia Myroshnyk and Olha Simoroz with Yevhen Bystrytsky.

The article is devoted to the study of the knowledge of Reality in the context of critical assessment of Stanley J. Grenz’s methodology. Many contemporary Evangelical scholars who study the question about our knowledge of Reality think that «critical realism» is the best model that describes the process of knowledge in the postmodern context. Grenz supports the constructivist model of knowledge. Vanhoozer believes that hermeneutical epistemology is the best rubric for discussing theological truth claims about reality. Grenz speaks about «givenness» (...) to this world which is eschatological, and thus he talks only about eschatological objectivity. Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, on whom Grenz’s draws his constructivist’s views, make their thesis about social construction of reality and knowledge through the language (the constructivist view). We think Grenz says that language creates our understanding of reality. The author of the article concludes that, by providing an interpretation of reality, we in some way construct it, not in a sense that we give ontological status to that which did not exist before we started talking about it, but rather in a sense of hermeneutically organizing our experience of reality into a worldview and narratives. We should conclude that the world is fundamentally given, and it is objective in a sense that it is shared by all and its truth is eloquent, though it is construed differently by those who share it. Our interpretations of reality are connected then into an imaginative projection of the world. Nevertheless it does not mean that since our projections imaginative they are necessarily fictive and do not correspond to the way things are. (shrink)

Interview of Vsevolod Khoma, Kseniia Myroshnyk and Olha Simoroz with Yevhen Bystrytsky.

Стаття присвячена розгляду мовної проблематики філософії Дж. Локка. Одним із гасел філософії мови Дж. Локка є те, що потрібно наполегливо боротися за зрозумілість мови, плутаність якої – часте джерело теоретичного безладу. Філософія мови Дж. Локка нерозривно пов’язана з його теорією ідей. Згідно з нею, тлумачення мови потребує відповіді на питання, що таке абстрактні ідеї. Досліджуються місце і функції ідей-модусів, які розглядаються як одне з джерел походження слів і мовних знаків. На думку Локка, кожна модифікація певної речі повинна мати своїм першоджерелом (...) ідею. Розглянуто також абстрактні ідеї, їх стосунок до ідей-модусів, класифікаційні якості та відповідність певним мовним знакам. (shrink)

Стаття призначена дослідженню функцій простих і комплексних ідей у філософії Дж. Локка. Розглянуто їх взаємодію. Показано також структуру досвідного знання. Локк виділяє і класифікує ідеї в особливі підгрупи. Ідеї формуються і функціонують на основі того, що розум пізнає їх. Ідеї внутрішнього досвіду становлять, на його думку, сферу рефлексії. Поняття «рефлексія» було одним із найважливіших надбань філософії. За Дж. Локком, теорія пізнання повинна досліджувати джерела пізнання і механізми формування його матеріалу, а також пізнати діяльність суб’єкта. У статті розглянуто класифікаційні риси теорії (...) ідей Локка, їх функції, показано роль рефлексії та її функції. (shrink)

Despite its uniform appearance, the cerebellar cortex is highly heterogeneous in terms of structure, genetics and physiology. Purkinje cells (PCs), the principal and sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, can be categorized into multiple populations that differentially express molecular markers and display distinctive physiological features. Such features include action potential rate, but also their propensity for synaptic and intrinsic plasticity. However, the precise molecular and genetic factors that correlate with the differential physiological properties of PCs remain elusive. In this (...) article, we provide a detailed overview of the cellular mechanisms that regulate PC activity and plasticity. We further perform a pathway analysis to highlight how molecular characteristics of specific PC populations may influence their physiology and plasticity mechanisms. (shrink)

This paper elaborates on conceptual, empirical and practical arguments why corporations need to focus on their social dimensions, in order to further enhance organizational performance. The paper starts with an introduction on the general trend towards inclusiveness and connectedness. It then elaborates on the phase-wise development of cultures and organizational structures. Managing corporate improvement by building cultures of trust is the central focus of this contribution. By showing the cultural dimensions of Great Places to Work and their workplace practices, worthwhile (...) experiences leading to organizational improvement and superior financial performance are demonstrated. (shrink)

The article is a philosophical response to the oped of the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas Krieg und Empörung, published by him in the Süddeutsche Zeitung in April 2022. The oped demonstrates the philosopher’s view on ideological disputes and political debates or “indignation” (Empörung) in public sphere in both Germany and the EU concerning an attempt to develop a unanimous policy to help Ukraine with weapons against Russia’s military aggression. The authors presume that Habermas published the accountable message of a responsible (...) citizen that means it should be also taken as based on his theoretical achievements. The article consists of two parts. The first part sets out the main arguments of the philosopher’s newspaper article, which ends with a recommendation of compromise and partnership negotiations with the aggressor de facto due to the losses of Ukraine. The second part is an attempt by the authors to clarify the main preconditions and premises of Habermas’s communicative philosophy, which demonstrate the fundamental limitation of its explanatory power for this type of radical dissent, which is war. First of all, the authors suggest, it is the idea of pacification in interethnic relations, which forms the intellectual mood after World War II and finds its philosophical expression in the discovery of a priori foundations of understanding (Apel, Habermas) and ideas of developing formal pragmatics of communication. Attention to the latter allows the authors to demonstrate how consistent analysis of a priori (counterfactual) conditions of communication is considered by Habermas primarily in the historical perspective of positive dimensions of social integration - democratic equality, freedom, justice for participants of communicative interaction. The article concludes with a detailed analysis of the significance of the concept “lifeworld” as one of the central concepts within communicative theory and an analogue of “form of life” and “culture”. The authors argue the idea of perspective creating a common lifeworld for all in the processes of communication is fundamental to the works of the philosopher. The article concludes that the regulative idea of the single world as a basic ontological assumption of communicative theory does limit its explanatory capacity in terms of a war situation as a clash of different cultural worlds. (shrink)

Through qualitative surveys, a team of law students, law professors, physicians, and residents explored the perceptions of neurology residents towards referral to appropriate legal resources in an academic training program. Respondents reported feeling uncomfortable screening their patients for health-harming legal needs, which many attributed to a lack of training in this area. These findings indicate that neurology residents would benefit from training on screening for social factors that may be impacting their patients’ health.

Interview of Vsevolod Khoma, Kseniia Myroshnyk and Olha Simoroz with Yevhen Bystrytsky.

The current major models of coexistence of species on the same resources are briefly summarized. It is then shown that analysis of supposedly competitive systems in terms of the physical four dimensions of phase-space is sufficient to understand the causes for coexistence and for competitive exclusion. Thus, the multiple dimensions of niche theory are reduced to factors which define the magnitudes of the phase-spatial system, in particular the boundaries of population spaces and of periods of activity. Excluding possible cooperative interaction (...) between consumers, it appears that coexistence of species on thesame kind of limiting resource is possible only in cases of compartmentalization either in space, or in time, of resource consumption, i.e. if each consumer species disposes of a separate resource supply. Three criteria were found to be decisive for successful compartmentalization (i.e. for coexistence): 1. the vector of the resource flow; 2. relative mobility between consumers and resource units; 3. dependence or independence of resource flow on previous consumption. The traditional terminology of niche theory and of competition theory in general proved to be inadequate for analytical treatment of problems of coexistence. (shrink)

The argument is put forward that genetic mutations are viable then only, when the changed pattern of growth and/or metabolism is accommodated by the taxon-specific biochemistry of the organisms, i.e. by adaptive, somatic/physiological plasticity. The range of somatic plasticity under changing environmental conditions, therefore, has a certain predictive value for the kind of mutations that are likely to be viable.

The potential for the occurrence of multiple-role relationships is increased when professors also consult with athletic teams on their campuses. Such multiple-role relationships have potential ethical implications that are unclear and largely unexplored, and consultants may find multiple-role relationships both difficult to deal with and unavoidable. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the nature of teacher-practitioner multiple-role relationships. Participants (N = 35) were recruited from Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP) certified consultants (CCs) who (...) were also affiliated with a university (N = 68). All participants completed a 28-item survey exploring the incidence and relevant issues pertaining to multiple-role relationships. Chi-square analyses revealed that licensed mental health practitioners (i.e., psychologists and counselors) were more likely than nonlicensed AAASP CCs to believe that multiple-role relationships were never appropriate in sport psychology, 2(1, N = 30) = 12.80, p < .001, and to have never taken part in a multiple-role relationship, 2(1, N = 33) = 12.44, p < .001. Independent samples t tests revealed that mental health practitioners also reported that they would have higher levels of concern for both the practitioner, t(30) = -2.77, p = .009, and the client, t(30) = -2.50, p = .018, in such a relationship. (shrink)

Nikolai Zhinkin’s review of Ernst Cassirer is so far the earliest document of the discussion in Russia about Cassirer’s conception of myth and his theory of symbolic forms. The text is published from Zhinkin’s archive. Zhinkin here notes a reorientation of Neo-Kantianism that reveals its hidden relativism and stands as a symptom of its downfall.

The article explores the connection between politics of democracy and current communication medium. Color revolutions, particularly the one experienced in Ukraine, raise an issue of the present day relation between public and political spheres in the new global communicative context. Following the detailed analysis of the modern formation of public sphere done by Charles Taylor the author concentrates on the influence of communication on democratization processes. Amongst others, he focuses on such principle features of the public sphere as domination of (...) rationality in its formation, its claims for providing accountability norms for power, and particularly on its extra-political status. In its turn, these key characteristics of the sphere include everyone as its potential legitimate participant. The field experience gained during the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity make it possible to correct the view on interrelations of politics and the public sphere. Recent developments do increase dependence of powers that be on the public’s day-to-day feeling of their legitimacy. To elucidate the new state of interpenetration between two given spheres the author examines the issue of specificity of discourse that unites both. It allows to establish that it’s precisely the democratic ideals, concerning each and every one, that expand the frameworks of the sphere of political beyond its traditional meaning through inclusion of a broad spectrum of people’s cultural experiences. The author links current co-existence of liberal and conservative values within liberal democracies with people’s experiencing of their cultural identity. That conclusion gives the basis to clarify a phenomenon of rising conservatism inherent in today’s politics. (shrink)

Linking specific nursing actions to outcomes in the healthcare setting is challenging. Patient outcomes are varied and influenced by a myriad of factors, and always involve a wider team than any one nurse. It is difficult to control for a single action or set of actions of a particular nurse. Furthermore, practice is seldom about any ‘one’ action, for one thing leads to another, all within a complex interplay of influencing factors. In this article, we outline a research method which (...) combined Dewey's pragmatism with Gadamer's hermeneutics to explore the consequences of the nurse's use of advanced assessment skills in the acute care setting of medical and surgical wards. This pragmatic hermeneutic methodological approach allowed the complex interplay of influences to be revealed in the unfolding story. Reflection of the nurse brought insights that may otherwise have been passed over. The philosophical notions of Dewey drew attention to the play of ‘means’ and ‘ends’. A hermeneutic approach that calls for ‘thinking’ extends understanding and raises insights that can inform education and practice. (shrink)