Summary The study, carried out in a Greek provincial town, focuses on the cultural meaning of university education and of participation in the extremely competitive entrance examinations to university. In spite of graduate unemployment, in relation to the labour market a university degree is seen as giving more possibilities. Also, the transition to university and the degree that follows are rewarded by the community with prestige and status. Moreover, gaining admission is also important in itself in relation to the individual's (...) wish to achieve something with herlhis own strength. Finally, taking part in the examinations is seen as being of the utmost importance in relation to the local values. Regardless of the outcome, it allows the participants to realize a particular set of values among which the ?duty to struggle? seems to occupy, for historical reasons, a central place. (shrink)

In Contagious Architecture, Luciana Parisi offers a philosophicalinquiry into the status of the algorithm in architectural and interaction design.

Although in Italy there is currently no effective law on physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia, Decision No. 242 issued by the Italian Constitutional Court on September 25, 2019 established that an individual who, under specific circumstances, has facilitated the implementation of an independent and freely-formed resolve to commit suicide by another individual is exempt from criminal liability. Following this ruling, some citizens have submitted requests for assisted suicide to the public health system, generating a situation of great uncertainty in the application (...) processes. As a matter of fact, shared and defined procedures are lacking as Decision 242/2019 merely added some principles on which the legislature will have to base its future intervention. This paper analyses the advisory role that the Decision attributes to territorial ethics committees with the aim of stimulating discussions on their role in oversight mechanisms. The proposed conclusion is that the envisaged role does not appear consistent with the functions of these bodies and is ultimately substantially undefined and unjustified. (shrink)

As machines have become increasingly smart and have entangled human thinking with artificial intelligences, it seems no longer possible to distinguish among levels of decision-making that occur in the newly formed space between critical reasoning, logical inference and sheer calculation. Since the 1980s, computational systems of information processing have evolved to include not only deductive methods of decision, whereby results are already implicated in their premises, but have crucially shifted towards an adaptive practice of learning from data, an inductive method (...) of retrieving information from the environment and establishing general premises. This shift in logical methods of decision-making does not simply concern technical apparatuses, but is a symptom of a transformation in logical thinking activated with and through machines. This article discusses the pioneering work of Katherine Hayles, whose study of the cybernetic and computational infrastructures of our culture particularly clarifies this epistemological transformation of thinking in relation to machines. (shrink)

1. The fact that Brazil, land of parrots and coffee, is also, by antonomasia, that of cannibals, is a commonplace that we find in the writings of foreigners and natives from the early years of the conquest up until our era of advanced civilization, at the level of anthropological reality (we should like to say anthropophagic) and at that of metaphor. As though, forgetful of the general accusation of anthropophagy launched by the first explorers against the various indigenous peoples of (...) America, beginning with the Caribs/Cannibals of Columbus, the colonizing and evangelizing Old World wanted to transfer to Vera Cruz and its inhabitants the exclusive rights to these “savage customs of a people without justice and law” that the first Western ethnographer, Herodotus, had attributed, in the Eurasia of his time, to the peoples of the Far North, at the other side of the extensive desert lying beyond the land of the Scythians—those who were called the Androphagi. And as if, of all the peoples and communities accused, in various latitudes and epochs of history, of having anthropophagic practices, the Brazilians were the only ones to not just defend themselves against the infamous accusation but to flaunt it as a symbol of their autonomy and originality when confronted with the menace of religious and cultural colonization. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza la doctrina kantiana de la definición. Se estudia el desarrollo de esa doctrina en las lecciones de lógica del período precrítico, a partir de su comparación con la teoría de las definiciones de Meier. Se sostiene que Kant organiza su estudio a partir de los aspectos escogidos por Meier, pero es crítico de sus tesis.

According to attention-based theories, to explain organizational attention is to explain organizational behavior. In our study, we test the model of situated attention and firm behavior by examining the effects of attention structures and allocation of attention on organizational outcomes. We hypothesize a positive relationship between attention structures and the allocation of organizational attention that, in turn, has an effect on financial performance. Using a unique data set composed of indicators of social responsibility published by 338 Brazilian organizations between 2001 (...) and 2007, we find support for our hypotheses. Our findings suggest that organizational attention to social issues fully mediates the relationship between attention structures and financial performance. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta un análisis de las obras testimoniales de Jorge Alberto Taiana, Miguel Bonasso y Juan Manuel Abal Medina. El objetivo es observar las diferentes operaciones memorísticas que los autores ponen en juego a la hora de reconstruir la figura y el rol de Juan Domingo Perón durante el proceso abierto con la apertura electoral de mayo de 1971 hasta la muerte del viejo líder tres años después.

The remarks which follow arise from the daily and simultaneous consulting of two literatures and, in a larger sense, of two cultures, Portuguese and Brazilian, both expressed in the same language, Portuguese. They also arise from an attempt to describe and define by categories which are “internal” to literature the differences which exist between the two bodies of writing under discussion. But they are equally inspired by a desire to isolate in the corpus of the texts which conventionally constitute a (...) national literature those thematic and stylistic recurrences which may serve as starting points for an attempt at formalization. (shrink)

La cognition algorithmique joue un rôle central dans le capitalisme contemporain. Depuis la rationalisation du travail industriel et des relations sociales jusqu’à la finance, les algorithmes fondent un nouveau mode de pensée et de contrôle. Dans cette phase du tout-machinique dans l’évolution du capitalisme numérique, il ne suffit plus de se mettre du côté de la théorie critique pour accuser la computation de réduire la pensée humaine à des opérations mécaniques. Comme le théoricien de l’information Gregory Chaitin l’a démontré ; (...) l’incomputabilité et l’aléatoire doivent être conçus comme les conditions de bases de la computation. Si le technocapitalisme est contaminé par l’aléatoire computationnel et le chaos, la critique traditionnelle de la rationalité instrumentale doit elle aussi être remise en question : l’incomputable ne pleut plus être réduit au statut de contraire de la raison. (shrink)

Astract Sex investigates the impact of advances in contemporary science and information technology on conceptions of sex. Evolutionary theory and the technologies of viral information transfer, cloning and genetic engineering are changing the way we think about human sex, reproduction and the communication of genetic information. Abstract Sex presents a philosophical exploration of this new world of sexual, informatic and capitalist multiplicity, of the accelerated mutation of nature and culture.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir a relação entre cultura e educação em Friedrich Nietzsche, filósofo conhecido pelo caráter intempestivo de seus escritos e profundo crítico de sua época. Sua abordagem da questão da educação é, na verdade, um profundo questionamento da própria função e do propósito da prática educativa, a qual ele diagnosticou como estando, já em sua época, cada vez mais submissa e atrelada aos interesses de uma economia de mercado, mero adestramento e preparação para o mercado (...) de trabalho. (shrink)

O conceito de empirismo evoca tanto uma tradição histórica quanto uma rede de questões filosóficas. Ambas frequentemente associadas a nomes como os de Francis Bacon, John Locke, George Berkeley e David Hume. Porém, lembremos que nenhum desses filósofos utilizaram o termo empirismo, e nem compartilharam de uma única escola epistemológica. Do ponto de vista histórico é comum encontrarmos estudos de História e Filosofia da Ciência que relacionam o conceito de ‘empirismo’ com a chamada Escola Empírica Médica, desenvolvida na Grécia Antiga. (...) Porém, mais uma vez, temos que ter cautela com essas simplificações históricas, afinal se por uma Escola médica compreendemos um número de médicos que se reconhecem como pertencentes a um grupo que defendem exatamente as mesmas ideias e conceitos, a Escola Empírica Médica é simplesmente uma invenção histórica. De fato, observaremos alguns elementos comuns dentro dessas escolas, mas não correntes unívocas. Essa postura historiográfica usualmente acarreta sérias consequências. Assim, por exemplo, os estudos que marcam a diferença entre as filosofias do continente europeu e as da Inglaterra do século XVII, distinguindo-a por meio de noções amplas, tais como racionalismo e empirismo, podem cair em reducionismos importantes. Se, por um lado, vincular o empirismo moderno à escola médica antiga acarreta numa compreensão histórica equivocada; por outro lado, aceitar a dicotomia empirismo x racionalismo como a única narrativa possível para compreendermos a gênese da filosofia moderna carrega consigo problemas de cunho epistemológico. Dos vários problemas que surgem dessa perspectiva historiográfica, isto é, de aceitarmos acriticamente a narrativa padrão, dois deles nos importam mais de perto: ela fornece uma ênfase às questões de cunho epistemológico, subestimando, então, a importância dos debates em outras áreas, como filosofia natural, ética e política, por exemplo; e deixa de lado pensadores que combinam elementos das duas correntes e, portanto, não operam stricto sensu com a dicotomia entre razão e experiência. Nesse sentido, objetivamos problematizar e aprofundar essa questão, ao discutir aspectos epistêmicos e metodológicos do chamado “programa baconiano” de conhecimento, bem como alguns de seus desdobramentos, especialmente no âmbito da química e da medicina no século XVII inglês. (shrink)

Este trabajo reflexiona críticamente sobre la construcción discursiva de la Patagonia como una distancia intersubjetiva, relativa, polisémica e histórica. En el análisis se distinguen las ideas de la región como territorio, unidad geocultural, geografía imaginaria, domicilio existencial y lugar de enunciación, y se señalan algunas de sus superposiciones y contradicciones conceptuales más frecuentes. Se problematizan las perspectivas esencialistas y folklorizantes de la región y su literatura, así como la inscripción de la Patagonia en las cartografías culturales nacionales y nacionalistas. This (...) work proposes a critical reflection about the discursive construction of the Patagonia as an inter-subjective, relative, polysemic and historical distance. In the present analysis, we distinguish between different ideas of the region, such as territory, geocultural unit, imaginary geography, existential residence and locus of enunciation, and we indicate some of its overlapping and more frequent conceptual contradictions. We criticize the essentialist and folklorist perspectives of the region and its literature, as well as the inscription of the Patagonia in the national and nationalistic cultural cartographies. (shrink)

En este artículo discuto la contribución de Matías Oroño, intitulada “El conceptualismo de Kant y los juicios de gusto”. Esta contribución, en lo esencial, es una crítica a la tesis según la cual es posible encontrar una fundamentación del no-conceptualismo kantiano en el tratamiento de los juicios de gusto. Esta tesis es defendida por Dietmar Heidemann en un artículo que Oroño refuta. En el presente artículo se sostiene que la interpretación de Oroño es acertada, con algunos reparos. Sin embargo, me (...) parece importante señalar que Oroño no cuestiona dos premisas del no-conceptualismo sostenidas por Heidemann que necesitan ser revisadas. Estas premisas son: los elementos no-conceptuales que interesan tienen valor cognitivo, esos elementos son fenoménicos, intencionales, representacionales. (shrink)

O plano ampliado e reconfigurado dos fluxos de informação na contemporaneidade sugerem novas condições para que a ação da leitura e da interpretação possa ser estabelecida. Com o objetivo de refletir sobre as implicações que fazem parte destas ações desenvolvemos um exame dialético parcial sobre três obras - Ser e Tempo, de M. Heidegger, Investigações Lógicas, Sexta Investigação: Elementos de uma Elucidação Fenomenológica do Conhecimento, de E. Husserl, e Investigações Filosóficas, de L. Wittgenstein - que, embora não tenham tido o (...) objetivo direto de analisar a leitura e a interpretação, parecem oferecer elementos para refletirmos sobre estes fenômenos na contemporaneidade. Ao final, nos posicionamos a favor da interpretação enquanto uma ação social a priori e discorremos, sinteticamente, sobre a configuração dos atuais sistemas de informação, considerando tal condição. ABOUT THE LIMITS AND SCOPE OF INTERPRETATION: REFLECTIONS FROM HEIDEGGER, HUSSERL AND WITTGENSTEIN AbstractThe expanded and reconfigured plan of information's flow in contemporary can suggest new conditions for the action of interpretation be established. In order to reflect on the implications of this action be part of interpreting process, we have developed a partial dialectical examination of three works - Being and time, of M. Heidegger, Logical Investigations, Sixth Research: Elements of a Phenomenological Elucidation of Knowledge, of E. Husserl, and Philosophical Investigations, of L. Wittgenstein - which, although these works had not the direct interest to address the phenomenon of interpretation, seem to offer the necessary elements to reflect on this phenomenon in the nowadays. In the end, we position ourselves in favor of interpretation while social phenomenon placed a priori, and commented above, briefly, about the configuration of current information systems, considering that condition. (shrink)

Reseña de: Baumgarten, A. G., & Kant, I.. Baumgarten’s Elements of First Practical Philosophy. A Critical Translation with Kant’s Reflections on Moral Philosophy. Edición y traducción: C. D. Fugate y J. Hymers. London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. ISBN: 978-1-4742-8265-9, 375 pp.

Reseña de: Marques, António, Lemos, Jõao y Cadilha, Susana, Kant: atitudes, experiências, valore s, Lisboa, IFILNOVA, 2020, 167 pp. ISBN: 978-989-97073-5-1.

El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar el tratamiento de los conceptos de claridad y oscuridad en los Apuntes de Lecciones de Antropología de la “década silenciosa” de Kant. El estudio tiene tres momentos. En primer lugar, se describen las condiciones de la claridad y la oscuridad de nuestras representaciones. En segundo término, se reconstruye la argumentación por medio de la que Kant cuestionaba el modo como Baumgarten presentaba esas nociones en la parte de la psicología empírica de su Metaphysica. (...) Por último, se exponen dos aspectos pragmáticos de la investigación de esas nociones: permite elucidar algunas condiciones subjetivas para la posibilidad de las ciencias, facilita la comprensión de un aspecto de la naturaleza humana, dando con ello un recurso provechoso para la intervención en la vida mundana. (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza las imágenes del espacio patagónico que pone a rodar la novela La costurera y el viento (1994) de César Aira, así como los procedimientos discursivos con que se construyen dichas imágenes. El libro exhibe a la Patagonia como un cuerpo textual y textualizado complejo, a través del cual se problematiza la construcción literaria de la región, como zona liminal profusa en ficciones de identidades. Desde una ostensible performatividad narrativa, la novela conjuga la invención del espacio con la (...) frecuente referencia a una cartografía histórica y literaria que se actualiza en una dispersión de afiliaciones intertextuales. This work analyzes the images of the Patagonian space putted on display in the novel La costurera y el viento (1994) by César Aira, as well as the discursive procedures with which these images are constructed. The book exhibits the Patagonia as a textual and textualized corpus complex, through which the literary construction of the region, as a liminal zone profuse in fictions of identities, is problematized. From an ostensible narrative performativity, the novel combines the invention of the space and the frequent reference to a historical and literary cartography updated in a dispersion of intertextual affiliations. (shrink)

What has philosophy become after computation? Critical positions about what counts as intelligence, reason, and thinking have addressed this question by reenvisioning and pushing debates about the modern question of technology towards new radical visions. Artificial intelligence, it is argued, is replacing transcendental metaphysics with aggregates of data resulting in predictive modes of decision-making, replacing conceptual reflection with probabilities. This article discusses two main positions. While on the one hand, it is feared that philosophy has been replaced by cybernetic metaphysics, (...) on the other hand it is claimed that only the coconstitution of philosophy and automation challenges modern transcendental reason and colonial capital. As Donna Haraway pointed out, cybernetic circuits of communication have constructed counterfactual ontologies against the master narrative of the human. This article addresses recent attempts at redeveloping a critique of natural philosophy that explains cybernetic metaphysics beyond the universal master narratives of mechanicism and vitalism. This article suggests that the recursive system of nature and technology also needs to account for the problem of philosophical decision, which will be explored in terms of mediatic thinking, instrumentality, and automation. This article follows insights from the movie Get Out (2017) to argue that the model of philosophical decision relies on a servomechanic understanding of the medium of thought, based on the colonial abstraction of value in the prosthetic extension of the slave-machine. It explores the nonphilosophical envisioning of automation in terms of a counterfactual theorisation of the negative negation of the medium and argues for a nonoptical darkness entering the space of thinking. Philosophy and automation are neither coupled nor set in opposition as if in a ceaseless mirroring. Instead, both philosophy and automation must transform their self-determining axiomatics in order to host the heretic activities of machine propositions. (shrink)

Resumen: En el presente artículo buscaremos analizar los diversos tratamientos que Walter Benjamin ha realizado a lo largo de su obra acerca de la crítica como temática eminentemente filosófica. Para ello abordaremos, en primer lugar, su acercamiento a la poesía del Romanticismo alemán, luego a la poesía barroca y, finalmente, a la obra de Baudelaire con el objetivo de justificar que una comprensión acabada de la crítica implica necesariamente para el filósofo alemán recuperar la actualización como clave de lectura de (...) la historia. En efecto, si actualizar presupone para Benjamin la asunción de la no coincidencia del tiempo consigo mismo, esto es, la supervivencia del pasado en el presente y el potencial significante de sus emergencias, buscaremos mostrar cómo la noción de crítica benjaminiana descansa en ese diferencial temporal y encuentra allí su fuente de sentido.: In this article we intend to analyze the different considerations that Walter Benjamin carried out in his work on the problem of critique as an eminently philosophical subject. To do this, we will address, first, his approach to German romantic poetry, then baroque poetry and, finally, Baudelaire’s work, in order to explain how a full comprehension of critique means, for the German philosopher, to recover the idea of “actualization” as a key for reading History. In fact, if the actualization presupposes, for Benjamin, the assumption of the non-coincidence of time with itself, that is, the survival of the past within the present and its potentiality to signify, we try to show how Benjamin’s notion of criticism rests on that temporal difference and finds there its source of meaning. (shrink)

Historicamente os estudos da informação se relacionam diretamente com os estudos da linguagem. Recentemente, entra nesse cruzamento, a tecnologia. Procurando identificar caminhos que possam servir aos estudos informacionais para refletir e construir suas estruturas de linguagem para mediação do conhecimento, é desenvolvido um ensaio sobre qual seria o lugar da linguagem na obra “Ensaio sobre a origem dos conhecimentos humanos” (1746), de Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715 – 1780). Procura-se, ao final, defender as perspectivas do filósofo como um dos pontos (...) de partida prévios que poderiam também ser assumidos pela Ciência da Informação para distinguir aquilo que atualmente concebemos como linguagem, conhecimento e uso da informação. (shrink)

Com base na pesquisa sobre a presença de Paulo Freire na produção da Pós-graduação Brasileira este artigo tem o objetivo de destacar as categorias antropológico-filosóficas que embasam a concepção de Educação do autor e que são reveladas nessas produções. Essas concepções estão presentes em forma direta em 233 dissertações e 138 teses localizadas em 32 universidades onde foram defendidas as teses que pesquisaram sobre esse autor. Os resultados revelam que as categorias filosóficas de “ser no mundo”, “ser com outros”, “ser (...) inconcluso” e antropológicas de “realidade concreta”, “diálogo” e “liberdade/libertação” tem relações diretas com a problemática dos direitos humanos. Essas categorias fundamentam a base conceitual para a compreensão da educação como direito humano. (shrink)

En este artículo se examina la noción kantiana de las demostraciones matemáticas. Esta noción se encuentra desarrollada en el apartado titulado “Disciplina de la razón pura en su uso dogmático” de la _Crítica de la razón pura. _En este texto, Kant explica por qué los procedimientos exitosos en el conocimiento matemático resultan impracticables en metafísica. En primer lugar se estudian dos pasajes en los que el filósofo describe dos demostraciones: la demostración de la congruencia de los ángulos de la base (...) de un triángulo isósceles, y la demostración de que la suma de los ángulos internos de cualquier triángulo es igual a dos rectos. A continuación, se examina la descripción de la demostración matemática como una prueba apodíctica en la intuición. Este análisis muestra que la demostración matemática no constituye la misma clase de procedimiento presentado como demostración en los §§57 y 59 de la _Crítica del Juicio._. (shrink)

Se busca rastrear la imagen que Platón tiene de Heráclito y articularla con la estructura argumentativa del Cratilo, para comprender las necesidades textuales a las que responde la doctrina del flujo perpetuo, es decir, la discusión sobre la corrección (ὀρθότης) del nombre. Gracias a la inclusión del testimonio heraclíteo, resulta posible rastrear la presunta consolidación de la tesis sobre los nombres primarios y los secundarios como el eje de la separación entre dos planos de realidad (uno estable y uno móvil) (...) y de la teoría de las Ideas -es decir, como la base de la epistemología platónica presente en los diálogos de madurez-. The article seeks to trace the image Plato has of Heraclitus and connect it with the argumentative structure of the Cratylus in order to understand the textual needs that give rise to the doctrine of perpetual flux, that is, the discussion regarding the correctness (ὀρθότης) of names. The inclusion of Heraclitus's testimony makes it possible to trace the alleged consolidation of the thesis regarding primary and secondary names as the axis of separation between two levels of reality (one stable, the other, changing) and the theory of Ideas -that is, as the basis of Plato's epistemology as set forth in the late dialogues-. (shrink)