Gestural viewpoint research suggests that several dimensions determine which perspective a narrator takes, including properties of the event described. Events can evoke gestures from the point of view of a character , an observer , or both perspectives. CVPT and OVPT gestures have been compared to constructed action and classifiers in signed languages. We ask how CA and CL, as represented in ASL productions, compare to previous results for CVPT and OVPT from English-speaking co-speech gesturers. Ten ASL signers described cartoon (...) stimuli from Parrill . Events shown by Parrill to elicit a particular gestural strategy were coded for signers' instances of CA and CL. CA was divided into three categories: CA-torso, CA-affect, and CA-handling. Signers used CA-handling the most when gesturers used CVPT exclusively. Additionally, signers used CL the most when gesturers used OVPT exclusively and CL the least when gesturers used CVPT exclusively. (shrink)

As we wrestle with the role and limits of policing, a political philosopher who spent over two decades as a New York City police officer and Vermont chief of police presents a normative account of what it means to police a pluralist democracy. Invoking his vast experience, Brandon del Pozo argues that we all have the prerogative to use force to protect others, but police embody the government's unique duty to do so effectively and with restraint. He recasts order (...) maintenance as brokering and enforcing the fair terms of social cooperation in our public spaces, for the protection of minority interests, and for a society where diverse conceptions of the good can flourish. The reasons why we police, he says, must be ones that all citizens can evaluate as equals. His book explains the democratic commitments of policing, and lays the groundwork for meaningful police innovation and reform. (shrink)

Research into epistemic injustice, the practice of discrediting people as knowers based on their social identity, has gained broad popularity in ethics. Racism in medicine often mani...

Informed consent is a perennial topic in bioethics. It has given the field a place in clinical practice and the law and is often the starting point for introductory instruction in medical ethics. One would think that nearly everything has been said and done on this well-worn topic.

While providing people with the same nicotine that forms the basis of their physical addiction, there is no available evidence that electronic nicotine delivery systems have carcinogenic eff...

BackgroundThe globalization of medical science carries for doctors worldwide a correlative duty to deepen their understanding of patients' cultural contexts and religious backgrounds, in order to satisfy each as a unique individual. To become better informed, practitioners may turn to MedLine, but it is unclear whether the information found there is an accurate representation of culture and religion. To test MedLine's representation of this field, we chose the topic of death and dying in the three major monotheistic religions.MethodsWe searched MedLine (...) using PubMed in order to retrieve and thematically analyze full-length scholarly journal papers or case reports dealing with religious traditions and end-of-life care. Our search consisted of a string of words that included the most common denominations of the three religions, the standard heading terms used by the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature (NRCBL), and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used by the National Library of Medicine. Eligible articles were limited to English-language papers with an abstract.ResultsWe found that while a bibliographic search in MedLine on this topic produced instant results and some valuable literature, the aggregate reflected a selection bias. American writers were over-represented given the global prevalence of these religious traditions. Denominationally affiliated authors predominated in representing the Christian traditions. The Islamic tradition was under-represented.ConclusionMedLine's capability to identify the most current, reliable and accurate information about purely scientific topics should not be assumed to be the same case when considering the interface of religion, culture and end-of-life care. (shrink)

We argue that voluntary mental health registries integrated into the 9-1-1 system, where patients and caregivers can establish a repository of this information, will help fill this information gap by enabling first responders to quickly understand the context of a call for service with a mental health component, and to make better informed decisions. Despite valid concerns about privacy, stigma, and the potential misuse of protected health information, such registries, if carefully designed and administered, can improve the health outcomes of (...) 9-1-1 calls for service involving mental health-related crises. (shrink)

To research teachers’ priorities on what was to be taught and learned during the COVID-19 lockdown, we asked Spanish Primary and Secondary teachers to choose and describe the activity they preferred among those carried out with their students during the pandemic. Our interest was to investigate what really happened in the classrooms, the type of learning favored by the practices, and the agreement between the teacher’s goals and their teaching We obtained 272 activities that we analyzed according to the proposed (...) goals, the types of learning worked, and the kind of teaching promoted. Results showed that most teachers proposed content-centered activities, oriented above all to verbal learning. There were clear differences between the proposed goals, partly student-centered, and what was really taught, essentially content-centered. We obtained two teaching profiles, one reproductive and the other constructive. (shrink)

An emerging literature has begun to document the emotional consequences of everyday executive functions on emotional distress. Little is known, however, about whether this relation is mediated by other variables. A multiple mediation model was proposed to integrate core concepts of daily executive dysfunctions with emotional distress in order to increase understanding of their relationship to psychological well-being and emotional regulation. The working hypothesis was that dimensions of well-being and emotional regulation may be a suitable mediator. It was hypothesized that (...) dimensions of well-being and emotional regulation are a possible mediator between the executive dysfunctions and psychological distress. Participants were 122 undergraduate students from university courses in General Education and Social Education at, the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, with a mean age of 21.76. Results indicate that several dimensions of psychological well-being and emotional reappraisal strategies mediate the relationships between daily executive dysfunctions and psychological distress. Implications of these data are discussed. (shrink)

El humanismo, asociado históricamente a la educación –la paideia griega- merece ser repensado y recuperado para la educación en un momento de cambio tecnológico tan acelerado y tan influyente en la condición humana que ya hay quien habla de “transhumanismo”. Se analiza la riqueza polisémica de la noción de humanismo y el valor de la formación humanística al servicio de la justicia; y finalmente, su valor como aprendizaje del goce mismo de vivir. En suma, su alto valor educativo. Palabras clave: (...) Humanismo, educación, transhumanismo, justicia, goce de vivir. (shrink)

En este artículo proponemos que la relación entre filosofía y poesía parte de la distinción entre ambas, pero al mismo tiempo asume su inseparabilidad. Su relación consiste en una discordia cordial. Este diálogo entre diferentes solo es posible si existe una afinidad esencial entre las dos. Esa característica común se encuentra en el lenguaje, en el hecho de que tanto la filosofía como la poesía son declaraciones de verdad en sentido ontológico. Su lenguaje no se adecua a una cosa preexistente (...) sino que él mismo pone la cosa y hace ser, o sea, declara la verdad. Para llegar a esta conclusión analizamos la relación filosofía-poesía desde las perspectivas positivista, trágica y romántica. (shrink)

The awareness of the last 20 years about embodied cognition is directing multidisciplinary attention to the musical domain and impacting psychological research approaches from the 4E cognition. Based on previous research regarding musical teaching and learning conceptions of 30 young guitar apprentices of advanced level in three learning cultures: Western classical, jazz, and flamenco of oral tradition, two participants of flamenco with polarised profiles of learning were selected as instrumental cases for a prospective ex post facto design. Discourse and practice (...) of the two flamenco guitarists were analysed in-depth to describe bodily issues and verbal discourse on the learning practice in their natural contexts. Qualitative analysis is performed on the posture, gestures, verbal discourse, and musical practice of the participants through the System for the Analysis of Music Teaching and Learning Practices. The results are organised attending: the Embodied mind through differential postures and gestures of flamenco participants that showed a fusion among verbal, body language, and musical discourse with respect to the musical literacy cultures; the Embedded mind and a detailed description of circumstances and relationships of the two flamenco participants, and how music is embedded in their way of life, family and social context, and therefore transcends musical activity itself; the Enactive mind, regarding the active processes that make differences between the reproductive and the transformative flamenco apprentices, then tentative relationship are observed in the discourse of each apprentice and the way in which they practice; finally, the Extended mind through the bodily, technical and symbolic tools they use during learning. Flamenco culture of oral tradition made use of listening, and temporary external representations instead of notational, but also the body played a central role in a holistic rhythm processing through multimodality, such as singing, playing, and dancing. Conclusions point out the embodied mind as a result of the culture of learning reflected through the body and the gesture in instrumental learning. (shrink)

El propósito del presente artículo es estudiar la respuesta humana al don divino según el comentario de Tomás de Aquino y Martín Lutero a la Carta a los Romanos. Si bien ambos autores asumen una postura antipelagiana, la concepción tomista, al reconocer el valor positivo del orden creado, comprende con mayor hondura metafísica la acción justificadora y santificadora de Dios en la creatura humana. Por otra parte, la exégesis de Lutero, más existencial, es especialmente aguda e incisiva desde este punto (...) de vista. En ambos casos es posible deducir que el punto de partida de la exégesis no es una reflexión abstracta sino un diálogo personal y vital con el Apóstol. El artículo profundizará en los comentarios a Rm 5,5, pasaje central en el pensamiento de san Agustín, cuya influencia es patente tanto en la exégesis de Tomás de Aquino como en la de Martín Lutero. Para estos efectos se apoyará en las recientes reflexiones sobre la categoría de don con la que se analizará la gracia divina, pues ésta contribuye a poner de manifiesto la diferencia entre una visión extrínseca o forense de la justificación y santificación, en la que se acentúa la pasividad del cristiano ante el don inmerecido recibido (Lutero), y una salvación que trasforma al cristiano para que responda al amor de Dios desde el amor (Tomás de Aquino). (shrink)

As physicians encounter an increasingly diverse patient population, socioeconomic circumstances, religious values and cultural practices may present barriers to the delivery of quality care. Increasing cultural competence is often cited as a way to reduce healthcare disparities arising from value and cultural differences between patients and providers. Cultural competence entails not only a knowledge base of cultural practices of disparate patient populations, but also an attitude of adapting one's practice style to meet patient needs and values. Gender roles, relationship dynamics (...) and boundaries are culture specific, and are frequently shaped by religious teachings. Consequently, religion may be conceptualised as a cultural repertoire, or dynamic tool-kit, by which members of a faith adapt and negotiate their identity in multicultural societies. The manner in which Islamic beliefs and values inform Muslim healthcare behaviours is relatively under-investigated. In an effort to explore the impact of Islam on the relationship between patients and providers, we present an Islamic bioethical perspective on cross-gender relations in the patient-doctor relationship. We will begin with a clinical scenario highlighting three areas of gender interaction that bear clinical relevance: dress code, seclusion of members of the opposite sex and physical contact. Next, we provide a brief overview of the foundations of Islamic law and ethical deliberation and then proceed to develop ethicolegal guidelines pertaining to gender relations within the medical context. At the end of this reflection, we offer some practice recommendations that are attuned to the cultural sensitivities of Muslim patient populations. (shrink)

As physicians encounter an increasingly diverse patient population, socioeconomic circumstances, religious values and cultural practices may present barriers to the delivery of quality care. Increasing cultural competence is often cited as a way to reduce healthcare disparities arising from value and cultural differences between patients and providers. Cultural competence entails not only a knowledge base of cultural practices of disparate patient populations, but also an attitude of adapting one's practice style to meet patient needs and values. Gender roles, relationship dynamics (...) and boundaries are culture specific, and are frequently shaped by religious teachings. Consequently, religion may be conceptualised as a cultural repertoire, or dynamic tool-kit, by which members of a faith adapt and negotiate their identity in multicultural societies. The manner in which Islamic beliefs and values inform Muslim healthcare behaviours is relatively under-investigated. In an effort to explore the impact of Islam on the relationship between patients and providers, we present an Islamic bioethical perspective on cross-gender relations in the patient-doctor relationship. We will begin with a clinical scenario highlighting three areas of gender interaction that bear clinical relevance: dress code, seclusion of members of the opposite sex and physical contact. Next, we provide a brief overview of the foundations of Islamic law and ethical deliberation and then proceed to develop ethicolegal guidelines pertaining to gender relations within the medical context. At the end of this reflection, we offer some practice recommendations that are attuned to the cultural sensitivities of Muslim patient populations. (shrink)

The closure of schools as a result of COVID-19 has been a critical global incident from which to rethink how education works in all our countries. Among the many changes generated by this crisis, all teaching became mediated by digital technologies. This paper intends to analyze the activities carried out during this time through digital technologies and the conceptions of teaching and learning that they reflect. We designed a Likert-type online questionnaire to measure the frequency of teaching activities. It was (...) answered by 1,403 teachers from Spain. The proposed activities varied depending on the learning promoted, the learning outcomes, the type of assessment to which the activities were directed, and the presence of cooperative activities. The major result of this study was that teachers used reproductive activities more frequently than constructive ones. We also found that most activities were those favoring verbal and attitudinal learning. The cooperative activities were the least frequent. Finally, through a cluster analysis, we identified four teaching profiles depending on the frequency and type of digital technologies use: Passive, Active, Reproductive, and Interpretative. The variable that produced the most consistent differences was previous digital technologies use These results show that Information and Communication Technologies uses are reproductive rather than constructive, which impedes effective digital technologies integration into the curriculum so that students gain 21st-century competencies. (shrink)

La poesía de Juan Ramón Jiménez es una poesía religiosa sui generis. La obra poética de Juan Ramón implica un desarrollo evolutivo hacia Dios. Dios es en la realidad. No está más allá, sino en el mundo. La poesía de Juan Ramón conecta con el panteísmo y el misticismo al mismo tiempo. No se interesa por una idea universal y abstracta de la divinidad. Lo que pretende es entender su propia experiencia de Dios, su encuentro personal con él. Acceder a (...) esa experiencia solo es posible si previamente se han eliminado todas las nociones artificiales inventadas y añadidas a aquel encuentro originario con Dios. Esta experiencia primaria y personal de lo divino reside en último término en su conciencia de la belleza. Dios está en la conciencia; es más, es conciencia. Dios, por tanto, está a la vez dentro y fuera de la conciencia del poeta. (shrink)

El ser humano nunca está totalmente hecho y acabado. En esta tarea de realización, es fundamental el papelde la educación. La pedagogía que tradicionalmente ha dominado se ha basado en el maestro y en los contenidos que éste tiene que transmitir a los alumnos. El acto pedagógico no consiste meramente en enseñar unos contenidos. El núcleo educativo está localizado en la experiencia del aprender. No aprendemos porque el maestronos ofrezca los contenidos. Solo los aprendemos de verdad cuando los descubrimos. Una (...) buena pedagogía tiene que intentar hacer sentir la necesidad del saber para que el alumno lo busque y lo descubra. El maestro debe enseñar ante todo el propio afán de aprender. Contra esta educación del magistocentrismo y logocentrismo, la educación paidocéntrica se funda sobre el aprender del alumno porque considera que la educación es educarse:el maestro sigue siendo esencial. Su función es conseguir que el alumno aprenda por sí mismo. Lo que tiene que enseñar es el ‘dejar aprender’. Saber no consiste en disponer de conocimientos, sino en tener conciencia de la propia ignorancia; y, en consecuencia, estar abierto al aprendizaje. Saber es poder preguntar, pues solo puede aprender quien puede hacer preguntas, quien quiere saber, tiene que enseñar a preguntar, porque solo se aprende preguntando: el maestro enseña cuando él mismo aprende enseñando. (shrink)

En este artículo presentamos el concepto de vida humana como texto eterno en el pensamiento de Ortega y sus consecuencias para el problema de la interpretación. La filosofía de la razón vital de Ortega se fundamenta en el concepto de vida humana como realidad radical y principio interpretativo universal, y por esta razón se presenta desde el principio como una filosofía hermenéutica de la vida y no como una reducción hacia la conciencia trascendental. Esta hermenéutica se practica especialmente en el (...) ámbito del arte. Pero para Ortega todo texto es hermenéutico y necesita por tanto la interpretación, porque ningún texto posee en sí mismo su verdad. ENGLISH: In this article we present the concept of human life as eternal text in Ortega’s thought, and its consequences for the problem of interpretation. Ortega’s philosophy of vital reason is grounded in the concept of human life as radical reality and universal interpretive principle, and for this reason his philosophy appears from the beginning as a hermeneutic philosophy of life and not as reduction to transcendental consciousness. This hermeneutic is especially carried out in the sphere of art. For Ortega, however, all text is hermeneutic and therefore needs interpretation, because no text has its own truth in itself. (shrink)

En El tema de nuestro tiempo Ortega responde filosóficamente al nuevo tiempo que está naciendo desde comienzos del s. XX. La época anterior, la modernidad, ha estado dominada por el binomio formado por el idealismo culturalista y la comprensión economicista de la vida como trabajo. Esta cultura moderna opone razón y vida. Por eso ha entrado en crisis, porque no es capaz de llegar al corazón de los seres humanos ni de orientar la existencia. En El tema de nuestro tiempo (...) Ortega presenta una cultura de la razón vital basada en la síntesis entre lo cultural y lo vital, y en la comprensión de la vida como deporte y fiesta. Solo una cultura que se mantiene en permanente contacto con la vida podrá orientar la existencia. La razón vital comprende la realidad y el conocimiento como perspectiva. (shrink)

Este artículo pretende hacer una aportación a la fundamentación de la epistemología de las ciencias humanas. Con esta aportación se busca indagar por la función que tiene la vivencia subjetiva y cómo ésta afecta la objetividad del conocimiento humanístico. Este trabajo apela a la poesía como ejemplo de objeto de las humanidades, las cuales piensan a partir de la experiencia vital, pero deben salvar, al mismo tiempo, la objetividad de significado. Tan perjudicial es el objetivismo abstracto como base epistemológica de (...) las humanidades, como el subjetivismo radical, de manera que el peligro que amenaza a la epistemología de las ciencias humanas hoy es la despersonalización. Las humanidades tienen que conciliar vivencia personal y sentido objetivo. (shrink)

Apartándose de la interpretación humanista /metafísica, la comprensión originaria de la estética, la ética y la lógica que expone Heidegger lleva consigo un nuevo humanismo centrado en torno a la idea de Gelassenheit. Pero Gelassenheit, núcleo del habitar poético del hombre, es también la esencia de la experiencia artística originaria que es verdaderamente una poética de la receptividad del ser, es decir, una experiencia ética y ontológica originaria.

Este artículo presenta la idea de que el ensayo tiene una estética, un estilo literario, pero al tiempo esta estética es un estilo mental que presupone una ética como base. Por tanto, pensamos el ensayo como filosofía. Es más: en la modernidad, la filosofía es ensayística. Esta filosofía del ensayo tiene cinco características principales que son inseparables entre sí. El ensayo se basa en el mundo de la vida y en consecuencia es una filosofía experimental opuesta al sistema racionalista. Esta (...) filosofía es una filosofía de la finitud, antiabsolutista, que defiende la relevancia filosófica del sujeto concreto y real. Finalmente, el ensayo entiende la reflexión crítica como un método de libertad. La filosofía ensayística contiene una ética con todas las reservas que evita tanto el totalitarismo racionalista como el nihilismo esteticista, y que concluye en un pluralismo dialógico. (shrink)

RESUMO Este artigo pretende mostrar que a arte só tem relevância estética para Gadamer quando é libertada da estética. Os conceitos que definem a compreensão estética da arte, subjetivismo, experiência, objetivismo, baseiam-se na noção central que caracteriza a estética: a diferenciação estética. A diferenciação estética implica uma diferença ontológica que isola o artístico e estabelece uma descontinuidade entre arte e realidade. A não diferenciação estética que Gadamer explica não só recupera a continuidade, mas afirma que a arte pertence à realidade (...) na medida em que ela a transforma. Na arte cresce o ser do real no sentido de que a arte é a realidade mesma transformada em sua verdade. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to show that art has philosophical relevance for Gadamer solely insofar as it remains free from aesthetics. The concepts that define the aesthetic understanding of art, i.e. subjectivism, experience and objectivism, are built upon the central notion that characterizes aesthetics: the aesthetic differentiation. The aesthetic differentiation implies an ontological difference that isolates the artistic and establishes a discontinuity between art and reality. The aesthetic non-differentiation that Gadamer exposes does not only restore the continuity, but it also affirms that art belongs to reality insofar as it transforms it. In art grows the being of the real in the sense that art is the reality itself transformed in its own truth. (shrink)

Este artículo muestra cómo la estética de Ortega y Gasset es una estética fenomenológica porque se fundamenta sobre la fenomenología de Husserl. La comprensión orteguiana del arte como epoché y reducción eidética es una prueba de ello. La deshumanización o desrealización del arte, concepto central de la estética de Ortega, consiste en realizar la epoché y la reducción eidética hacia la pura conciencia o conciencia de. Según Ortega, el arte siempre ha sido epoché y reducción espontáneas. El arte de vanguardia (...) las practica de forma consciente. (shrink)

Las dos funciones que realiza la filosofía de la razón vital la conectan con dos tradiciones filosóficas bien distintas. Por una parte, el pensamiento raciovital esta enlazado con la filosofía del fundamento y, por otra, con un concepto mas critico de la filosofía, que guarda una evidente semejanza intelectual con el pensamiento negativo de adorno. Ortega cree que su tiempo responde a una nueva revelación histórica que supera la modernidad y la filosofía idealista que la ha caracterizado esencialmente. La innovación (...) radical que trae consigo es la negación del intelectualismo. La razón y la filosofía son, ante todo, practicas, vitales. Filosofamos porque vivimos, y, sobre todo, para atender al problema vital decisivo: la muerte de las creencias fundamentales que sostienen / orientan la vida humana. Ortega y adorno sostienen que la vida no se deja encorsetar, es irreductible, y que el papel de la filosofía tiene que ser reaccionar contra la tendencia natural de la razón / concepto a apropiarse de la realidad para mantener abiertas las heridas y que mane la sangre, o, lo que es lo mismo, para dar voz a lo ontico. La ironía de la razón contra si misma es el método de la diferencia, el método que ha de emplear la razón vital para dejar a la realidad individual presentar sus testimonios. Solo asi puede la razon decir lo que no puede, lo que se le escapa. (shrink)

As estéticas de Heidegger e Ortega representam dois modos de compreender a arte radicalmente distintos, o que é lógico se tivermos em conta que ambas respondem, por sua vez, a pontos de partida filosóficos absolutamente distintos: o ontológico e o humanista. Em oposição directa à estética ontológica heideggeriana, elaborada sobre a base da principalidade do ser, no segundo momento da sua filosofia pessoal e depois do seu contacto com o pensamento de Heidegger, Ortega, partindo da radicalidade metafísica do conceito de (...) vida humana e do seu carácter hermenêutico, elabora uma hermenêutica raciobiográfica da arte como método adequado de aproximação ao fenómeno artístico bem como toda uma estética humanista que não faz senão desenvolver a tendência humanista que caracteriza essencialmente a filosofia orteguiana desde a sua origem. /// Heidegger and Ortega's aesthetics represent two radically opposed views of Art, coming from two different philosophical starting points: ontological and humanist, respectively. In direct opposition to the Heideggerean ontological aesthetic, founded on the primacy of being, Ortega elaborates in the second period of his philosophy, after his contact with Heidegger's ideas, a ratio-biographical hermeneutic of Art. Starting from the metaphysical radicalism of the concept of human life and its hermeneutical character, Ortega uses this hermeneutic to approach the artistic phenomenon. This humanistic aesthetic naturally develops from the humanistic tendency that characterizes the essence ofOrteguean philosophy from its origin. (shrink)

La videosfera en que consiste el mundo es realmente una videocracia, un sistema de control y dominio que, mediante la información digital obtenida sobre nosotros, acaba con nuestra libertad. La causa de este fenómeno es nuestro afán por la seguridad. La democracia de la libertad ha sido superada por la democracia de la seguridad, por la ciberdemocracia. Hoy todo es a distancia, también la comunidad humana. La distancia es paradójicamente lo único que hoy nos une. La comunidad actual solo puede (...) estar constituida por soledades conectadas. (shrink)

Si la filosofía de la razón vital de Ortega concedió tanta importancia a los asuntos artísticos fue precisamente porque ella misma se constituyó como una filosofía estética. Ahora bien, es necesario aclarar en qué sentido puede afirmarse esto último, pues una mala comprensión del carácter estético de la filosofía de la razón vital podría poner en peligro la pretensión de racionalidad que Ortega defendió siempre para la filosofía.