This paper is intended to draw the main theoretical lines of the notion of value, in order to avoid some flaws in the quantitative surveys on values as well as in some qualitative studies of value judgements. Through a number of redefinitions based on a pragmatic approach, inspired not only by Dewey’s concept of ‘valuation’ but also by the new French pragmatic sociology and by the pragmatist trend in linguistics, it tries to specify the conditions under which sociology can address (...) the notion of ‘value’ while avoiding their reduction to scholarly supports for morals or normative guides for action and evaluation. Meanwhile, it tries to construct a unified concept of value that would work for all the concerned disciplines: not only sociology but also economics, psychology, anthropology, and even philosophy. (shrink)

Artistic and scientific activities pertain to the world of ‘vocation’, which demonstrates a close relationship with recognition issues. Referring to recent trends in French, German and American sociology and political philosophy, this article addresses both the status of recognition in present-day sociology and the necessity of prizes in vocational activities. Grounded on two empirical surveys about literary and scientific prizes, it displays the various axiological problems raised by such a mode of recognition, as the ‘felicity conditions’ of this mode of (...) recognition have to ensure a feeling of justice and avoid envious reactions. On a more theoretical ground, the article aims to demonstrate the necessity for sociology to shift, first, from material to ‘symbolic’ or, rather, ‘intangible’ outcomes; second, from a concern with power and domination to a concern with interdependency; and third, from recognition conceived as egalitarian respect to recognition conceived as un-egalitarian esteem. (shrink)

Sociologue hors normes, Norbert Elias, né en Allemagne en 1897, mort aux Pays-Bas en 1990, est considéré comme l'un des plus grands représentants de sa discipline. Son oeuvre n'a été introduite en France que dans les années 1970, mais bénéficie aujourd'hui d'une reconnaissance internationale et pluridisciplinaire. Pour introduire à cette oeuvre au croisement et de l'histoire, de l'anthropologie et de la psychologie et en restituer l'unité substantielle, Nathalie Heinich dégage d'abord les motifs sous-jacents aux grands travaux d'Elias sur (...) le processus de civilisation et ses choix : la contextualisation plutôt que la généralisation, les relations plutôt que les objets, la neutralité plutôt que le jugement de valeur. Comment penser avec Elias? C'est ce que propose cet ouvrage, à l'approche didactique. (shrink)

In this paper, the future of bullfighting in France not long to break the moral value and aesthetic experience in disputes arising from conduct analysis to facilitate thinking about aesthetic experience and the relationship between animal existence. This paper is seeking to explore, and not in the evaluation of an article or opinion on a work conflict, but conflict involved to judge the value of multiple values. Guardian of moral values ​​and oppose bullfighting events, the main slogan is to respect (...) life, refused pain; and aesthetic value of the defenders, usually held in the name of safeguarding cultural heritage and maintain the aesthetic quality of performance. Evaluation criteria of the dispute and defend the value caused by the conflict is not the same evaluation criteria dispute is business volume, but as long as both parties agree, you can also stop the dispute; but to defend the value caused by the conflict is poured out not In order, because the two sides都that the other side The defense held the right of speech is not. This will work for contemporary art in the use of animals in vivo action conducted research to explore the contemporary art of the new research topics implied by the reach of the arts domain and the domain of U.S. academic issues. Contemporary art in the works use living animals move, going beyond In order to both logic system recognized by the precinct, including the U.S. academic field naturalist館exhibition science precinct, ethics and moral of the bounded domain, the legal precinct, and so on. The definition of contemporary art across borders is an important factor in the definition. This paper will examine the Huang Yong Ping's "World Theatre" Case, this was originally a huge cultural center complete degree 1994's "beyond boundaries" arranged by one of the works on display, but In several animal protection requirements under the Joint Association was eventually canceled. Case in other article, is the author of contemporary art in the study of the U.S. boycott of the case made ​​by the observation results. These different Case studies - is currently on-going research work - at least lead to two problems: artists at work using live or dead animals, whether in what form cross In order moral bounded domain and / or the U.S. academic Domain? Also, from one precinct to another precinct of the transition, the leap of variables that? Description of the future, after all, this issue of intense controversy, is originated from the West, so that this issue regardless of whether the problem is the West competition, but more is not Chinese or Asian issues of concern? Based on various conflicts of evaluation , this study of the relationship between aesthetic experience and animality evidences the existence of value registers, above the very values ​​such as beauty or sensitiveness. Aesthetic register is used by the supporters of a work in the name of cultural traditions or artistic quality, while ethical register is used by its opponents in the name of respect for living beings or of refusal to inflict sufferings. Whereas value conflicts allow discussions that may end up with an agreement, value registers conflicts can generate but endless fights, since the arguments of one party are without any relevance for the other party. Out of various case studies, mostly in France and in the USA, two questions arise. First, what kinds of moral and / or aesthetic boundaries are transgressed by the use of animals "living or even dead" in artistic proposals? Second, how do these transgressions change according to different cultures? Do they raise more difficulties in western culture than in Chinese or Asian culture, since the latter provides the propositions which have been most violently attacked in the Western world? (shrink)

La valeur d’authenticité est intimement liée à la modernité. Elle se déploie sous de nombreux aspects : statut des œuvres d’art, psychologie de la création, éthique romanesque, conceptions religieuses, psychanalyse, droit, patrimoine, arts premiers, marques commerciales… Il s’agira ici de dégager, au-delà de la diversité de ses mises en œuvre, la constance et l’essor d’une exigence de pureté, inséparable de la conception que se font de la modernité tant l’historien et l’historien d’art que les gens ordinaires.

The term “modernity” oscillates between a temporal and a more categorical, generic or axiological meaning. From a perspective not of general sociology but of configurational sociology, attentive to contexts, this article proposes a characterization of “modernity” in art, not only departing from works of art but taking into account the world of art as a whole and its representations. In other words it addresses what might be called the modern “paradigm”. To this modern paradigm opposes frontally the contemporary paradigm, of (...) which certain characteristics are similar to those ascribed to “modernity” as described by sociology. This opposition between modern and contemporary makes art a domain where, paradoxically, modernity is no longer present but is, more and more, relegated to the past. (shrink)

Comment l’art vient-il aux personnes, aux objets, aux activités? Comment passe-t-on d’une activité quelconque à un art, d’un simple artefact à une oœuvre et d’un praticien à un artiste? C’est cette opération qu’explore ce livre, sous le nom d’« artification » : un déplacement durable et collectivement assumé de la frontière entre art et non-art. Conditions pratiques, techniques, sémantiques, juridiques, institutionnelles, organisationnelles... Les enquêtes réunies ici explorent ces différentes dimensions avec les outils de la sociologie pragmatique, attentive à la matérialité (...) des actions observées en situation. Le lecteur circulera ainsi de la danse hip-hop à la photographie, du graf aux métiers d’art, de l’art naïf à l’art brut, des arts primitifs au théâtre, du cirque à la magie, de la typographie au cinéma, de la mode aux objets de culte et de la bande dessinée au patrimoine. Et c’est au terme de ce petit voyage en artification qu’il aura enfin réponse, précisément, à la question : quand y a-t-il art? (shrink)

La sociologie de la littérature tend à aborder les œuvres comme « reflets » ou « miroirs » d’une société donnée. Une approche davantage inspirée de la pragmatique permet d’inverser la perspective, en questionnant la façon dont la littérature – et plus précisément la fiction – agit sur les lecteurs en cadrant, ouvrant, construisant l’imaginaire. Parallèlement à ce « tournant pragmatique », la notion d’« artialisation » permet d’opérer un semblable renversement de perspective, surtout si l’on accepte de l’élargir en (...) y incluant non seulement la perception mais aussi les représentations et les émotions. (shrink)

L’article retrace l’historique des recherches menées en sociologie sur l’artification, et identifie les principaux obstacles qu’il a fallu surmonter pour les mener à bien : la confusion avec la notion d’artialisation, la réduction à un usage simplement métaphorique, et le rabattement sur le concept de légitimation. Soulignant la connexion étroite entre la problématique de l’artification et le nominalisme en philosophie, il argumente en faveur d’une conception foncièrement nominaliste de la sociologie, à travers ses trois déclinaisons contemporaines que sont le constructivisme, (...) le pragmatisme et l’individualisme méthodologique. Il plaide pour finir en faveur d’une prise au sérieux des représentations mentales dans le programme sociologique, congruente avec l’approche nominaliste. (shrink)

La tradition sociologique n’est pas riche en modèles permettant de faire de la question des valeurs un objet d’investigation spécifiquement sociologique, c’est-à-dire traité de façon non pas normative mais descriptive, non pas seulement théorique, mais aussi empirique, et non pas abstraite mais pragmatique, à partir des actions en situation concrète. Cet article tente d’expliciter les obstacles conceptuels et méthodologiques que rencontre un tel projet, notamment dans la sociologie française contemporaine : difficultés à renoncer à la normativité et à l’essentialisme, à (...) distinguer entre faits et valeurs, et à passer de l’ontologie à la pragmatique, du théorique à l’empirique et du quantitatif au qualitatif, de façon à aborder cet objet avec des méthodes appropriées à sa spécificité.The sociological tradition hardly offers models addressing the issue of values in a proper, specific way : that is, not normative but descriptive, not only theoretical but also empirical, and not abstract but pragmatic, dealing with actions happening in real situations. This paper aims to explicate the conceptual and methodological obstacles to such a project, particularly in French contemporary sociology : difficulty to let aside normativity and essentialism, to distinguish between facts and values, to shift from ontology to pragmatism, from theory to actual surveys and from quantitative to qualitative methods. Such are the conditions allowing to address the issue of values according to its specificity. (shrink)

Résumé Une enquête menée aux États-Unis en 1996 sur les rejets de l’art contemporain a permis une comparaison systématique entre les deux cultures, française et américaine, en matière de valeurs associées à l’art. Nous publions ici, à partir du livre qui en a été tiré ( Guerre culturelle et Art contemporain : une comparaison franco-américaine ), le chapitre consacré spécifiquement aux valeurs éthiques, touchant à l’idéologie, à la sexualité, à la religion et à la cruauté envers les animaux. L’on y (...) constate que même s’il existe de sensibles différences interculturelles (Occident vs Orient, Europe vs États-Unis), les conflits de valeurs suscités par l’art contemporain sont avant tout des phénomènes intraculturels. (shrink)

Résumé Une enquête menée aux États-Unis en 1996 sur les rejets de l’art contemporain a permis une comparaison systématique entre les deux cultures, française et américaine, en matière de valeurs associées à l’art. Nous publions ici, à partir du livre qui en a été tiré ( Guerre culturelle et Art contemporain : une comparaison franco-américaine ), le chapitre consacré spécifiquement aux valeurs éthiques, touchant à l’idéologie, à la sexualité, à la religion et à la cruauté envers les animaux. L’on y (...) constate que même s’il existe de sensibles différences interculturelles (Occident vs Orient, Europe vs États-Unis), les conflits de valeurs suscités par l’art contemporain sont avant tout des phénomènes intraculturels. (shrink)

How does an artefact enter the corpus of national cultural heritage? The answer to this question offers a pragmatic understanding of the reasons why the expansion of national corpuses has been so widespread, generation after generation and especially during the last one. Of course, there are alsomore general “societal” or “cultural” reasons for such a worldwide phenomenon: a number of explanations have already been proposed by philosophers, historians, sociologists, anthropologists. However, one should not underestimate the effects of the inventorial techniques (...) and methods of description used by the specialists of heritage, in that they tend to elevate the level of precision and of specialisation, hence to enlarge the criteria and to increase the number of artefacts worth entering their corpus. A close study of these actual criteria, through a survey conducted according to what is now called “pragmatic sociology” in France, allows us a deeper understanding of what defines cultural heritage, and of the effective values on which it relies: that is, the axiology of cultural heritage. Switching from “why” to “how&rdquo. (shrink)

La polysémie du mot « vérité », du moins en tant qu’il renvoie à une valeur, rend nécessaire la spécification de ses nombreuses acceptions dans différents domaines – scientifique, religieux, éthique, esthétique etc. Appliquées à la question de la vérité en démocratie, ces distinctions permettent d’argumenter en faveur d’une étanchéité entre vérité scientifique et vérité civique : la seule vérité dont la démocratie ait besoin est d’ordre civique (transparence et véracité de l’information), alors que la vérité scientifique ne devrait pas (...) plus la concerner que la démocratie ne devrait régir l’activité scientifique. (shrink)

La polysémie du mot « vérité », du moins en tant qu’il renvoie à une valeur, rend nécessaire la spécification de ses nombreuses acceptions dans différents domaines – scientifique, religieux, éthique, esthétique etc. Appliquées à la question de la vérité en démocratie, ces distinctions permettent d’argumenter en faveur d’une étanchéité entre vérité scientifique et vérité civique : la seule vérité dont la démocratie ait besoin est d’ordre civique (transparence et véracité de l’information), alors que la vérité scientifique ne devrait pas (...) plus la concerner que la démocratie ne devrait régir l’activité scientifique. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se analizará, en primer lugar, la importancia de incorporar la dimensión social al análisis jurídico a partir de un enfoque interdisciplinario riguroso que permite articular las exigencias metodológicas de cada ciencia y así evitar el sincretismo (I). Luego, se desarrollará cómo la sociología de los valores de Nathalie Heinich puede resultar un marco teórico-conceptual relevante para dotar de racionalidad al discurso jurídico cuando se incorporan argumentos de naturaleza social (II). Finalmente, se planteará que lo (...) expuesto en el punto anterior permite incorporar una herramienta relevante al momento de argumentar y de justificar la decisión de casos difíciles, dificilísimos y estructurales en los cuales, entre otros aspectos, deben emplearse principios jurídicos (III). (shrink)

JEAN-LUC NANCY, Le muse, Diabasis 2006, ISBN - 9788881034222JEAN-LUC NANCY, GEORGES DIDI-HUBERMAN, NATHALIE HEINICH, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE BAILLY, Del contemporaneo, Bruno Mondadori 2007, ISBN - 9788842420224.

Scholarly opinions vary on what language is, how it evolved, and from where or what it evolved. Long considered uniquely human, today scholars argue for evolutionary continuity between human language and animal communication systems. But while it is generally recognized that language is an evolving communication system, scholars continue to debate from which species language evolved, and what behavioral and cognitive features are the precursors to human language. To understand the nature of protolanguage, some look for homologs in gene functionality, (...) brain areas, or anatomical structures such as the supralaryngeal vocal tract; others point toward primates, their gestural, vocal, multimodal, and in later evolving hominins also their pantomimic communication systems; and still others draw parallels between the musicality that characterizes language and the pitch found in the numerous sounds produced by animals. Accordingly, protolanguage theories today are multiple and diverse, and protolanguages might have also been diverse. This special issue on Evolving (Proto)Language/s for Lingua bundles several of the protolanguage theories that were put forward at the sixth edition of the Ways to Protolanguage conference series, held at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon, in 2019. Not aimed at surveying all the different ways there are to conceptualize, study, and model protolanguage/s, this issue provides interested readers with good overviews on the role played in current theorizing on protolanguage/s by (paleo)anthropology, genetics, physiology, developmental, evolutionary, ecological, and pragmatic research lines. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage est né d'une réalité et d'un besoin. La petite Maëlle, enfant autiste, est devenue adolescente, alors il fallait la suivre pour mieux l'accompagner dans cette nouvelle étape de sa vie. Comme cela arrive chez les autres enfants qui entrent dans l'adolescence, tout est remis en question : les idéaux, l'identité, l'amitié, l'amour. Entre-temps, il y a eu la publication de la cinquième version du Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (DSM-5). Il fallait donc étudier cette entrée dans (...) l'adolescence à partir des données diagnostiques les plus récentes. Autisme et adolescence est la suite de L'autisme, un jour à la fois et d'Accompagner un enfant autiste. Encore ici, la mère Catherine Kozminski et la psychologue Nathalie Poirier entrent en dialogue afin de se mettre à l'écoute des besoins de l'adolescente et d'élaborer les meilleures formes d'accompagnement. Il en résulte un ouvrage plein de sensibilité et rempli de solutions pratiques. (shrink)

As an outcome of scientific thinking, evolutionary theories change in accordance with progress made. Here, we trace the evolution of evolutionary thought through seven different research schools that have arisen since the introduction of Darwin’s Origin of Species. These schools include Darwinism, the Modern Synthesis, Micro-, Meso-, and Macroevolution, Ecology, and Reticulate Evolution. The schools of Darwinism and the Modern Synthesis together lie at the foundation of the Neo-Darwinian paradigm. This paradigm has now expanded into the schools of Microevolution, Mesoevolution, (...) and Macroevolution that respectively study how genes, organisms, and species evolve over time. The school of Ecology instead investigates how genes, organisms, and species interact with one another and with the physical environment in space. The Eco-Evo-Devo paradigm attempts to integrate the tenets of Ecology with those of Micro-, Meso-, and Macroevolutionary research. The Reticulate Evolution school studies non-selectionist mechanisms such as symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, infective heredity, and hybridization. This paper outlines the major research directions and points of controversies that arise between these distinct schools. It furthermore situates the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis and Third Way of Evolution along these schools. The call for an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis originated in the Mesoevolution school, while scholars active in the Third Way of Evolution movement are developing ways to recognize the important contributions made by all evolution schools. (shrink)

This paper discusses the establishment of a governance framework to secure the development and deployment of “good AI”, and describes the quest for a morally objective compass to steer it. Asserting that human rights can provide such compass, this paper first examines what a human rights-based approach to AI governance entails, and sets out the promise it propagates. Subsequently, it examines the pitfalls associated with human rights, particularly focusing on the criticism that these rights may be too Western, too individualistic, (...) too narrow in scope and too abstract to form the basis of sound AI governance. After rebutting these reproaches, a plea is made to move beyond the calls for a human rights-based approach, and start taking the necessary steps to attain its realisation. It is argued that, without elucidating the applicability and enforceability of human rights in the context of AI; adopting legal rules that concretise those rights where appropriate; enhancing existing enforcement mechanisms and securing an underlying societal infrastructure that enables human rights in the first place, any human rights-based governance framework for AI risks falling short of its purpose. (shrink)

While methodological individualism is a fundamental approach within the social sciences, it is often misunderstood. This highlights the need for a discursive and up-to-date reference work analyzing this approach’s classic arguments and assumptions in the light of contemporary issues in sociology, economics and philosophy. This two-volume handbook presents the first comprehensive overview of methodological individualism. Chapters discuss historical and contemporary debates surrounding this central approach within the social sciences, as well as cutting edge developments related to the individualist tradition with (...) philosophical and scientific implications. Bringing together multiple contributions from the world’s leading experts on this important tradition of theorizing, this collective endeavor provides teachers, researchers and students in sociology, economics, and philosophy with a reliable and critical understanding of the founding principles, key thinkers and intellectual development of MI since the late 19th century. ​. (shrink)

Research on the influence of industry on chemical regulation has mostly been conducted within the framework of the production of ignorance. This special issue extends this research by looking at how industry asserts its interests––not just in the scientific sphere but also at other stages of policy-making and regulatory process––with a specific focus on the types of tools or instruments industry has used. Bringing together sociologists and historians specialized in Science and Technology Studies, the articles of the special issue study (...) the arenas in which instruments and practical guidelines for public policy are negotiated or used. The aim is to observe the devices in the making or in action, from the selection of actors to the production of thresholds, criteria, and other technical regulations. The introduction highlights how industry influence on expertise and regulation is undoubtedly far more pervasive and multifarious than has been conceptualized to date by social scientists. Putting this issue back at the heart of both the STS and social sciences research agendas is increasingly urgent and could lead to new inquiries able to highlight these logics even more widely, using fresh empirical examples. (shrink)