Im Garten des Museums von Afyon, dem antiken Akronion, befinden sich zwei Teile eines monumentalen Kapitells. Seine beträchtlichen Maße und das Kaisermonogramm (s.u.) lassen in ihm den Rest eines Ehrenmonuments erkennen (Höhe ca. 1.00 m, obere Breite ca. 1.00 m). Nach Auskunft der Museumsleitung wurde es Mitte der 80er Jahre in Huhut (das antike Synada, 26 km südlich von Akronion/Afyon) bereits beschädigt entdeckt und war während des Transports ins Museum in zwei Teilen zerbrochen. Weitere Schäden enstanden an der Halspartie, an (...) zwei Schauseiten sowie an der oberen Platte. Auf der Oberseite befinden sich keinerlei Einlassungen für eine Statue oder einen Kämpfer. Das Kapitell wurde aus „synadischem Marmor” gefertigt, der tatsächlich in den Marmorbrüchen des phrygischen Dokimaion (heutige Isçehisar, 21 km nordöstlich von Afyon) gewonnen wird. Der weiße Marmor von Dokimaion wird im heutigen türkischen Sprachgebrauch als „Afyon-Kaymak/Afyon-Sahne”, „Afyon-Beyaz/Afyon-Weiss” oder „Afyon-Şeker/Afyon-Zucker” bzw. als „Afyon-Çizgisiz-Şeker/Afyon-Zucker ohne Linien” bezeichnet. (shrink)

Summary Today's “Topkapi” in Istanbul is generally accepted as the Gate of Saint Romanos. A newly noticed inscription on the lintel above the entrance of so called fourth minor gate clearly indicates that not Topkapi but this gate was originally the Gate of Saint Romanos.

English Summary The main focus of this article is a church, the picture of which is shown on a gravure by Gugas İnciciyan and called Arslanhane (Menagerie)/Nakkaşhane (House of painters). The church has a central dome, an apsis and a semi dome at the west side and looks like a little model of the Hagia Sophia. It was erected above an other building with a central arch. This resembles descriptions of the Chalke gate and the Chalke church in several written (...) sources. Some chraracteristic marks of İnciciyan's church can also be discovered on some other drawings from various artists (Matrakçi Nasuh 1537; Melchior Lorichs, 1559; Cornelius Loos, 1710). A comparison with them helps us to localise it on the southern side of the former university building of Gaspare Fossati. Written sources inform us that the so called Arslanhane/Nakkaşhane of Inciciyan was not the only the building, which was converted to a menagerie. The church of Johannes in the Diippion and an other building, near the southwest corner of the Hagia Sophia were also used as menagerie during the Ottoman period. Especially the second one can be seen on various drawings. In our opinion Mango's identification of a church drawn by Willey Reveley (1786) with the Chalke, must be reviewed, since it was probably that of Theotokos Varaniotissa, which was renewed in the late Byzantine era. (shrink)

The so-called Artukid bowl is the only enameled object which includes both an Arabic and a Persian inscription. According to the Arabic inscription the Artukid ruler Rukn ed Devle Davud was the owner of this object. Although its provenance is still unclear, the technique and material show similarities to several Byzantine examples. For this reason the bowl has been interpreted as a royal gift from Constantinople to the Artukid ruler. It has also been attributed to Georgia or to Mesopotamia. The (...) Arabic inscription includes a long list of titles of Rukn ed Devle Davud, like "Katl al Kafara" or "Samsam al Milla" . I, however, cannot imagine that a Christian emperor would address an Islamic ruler with such terms. The sender of the bowl was most likely another Islamic monarch. In addition, the Persian inscription leads to suspect that the sender had a close relationship with the Persian language and culture. Most probably he was a member of the royal Seljuk family in Anatolia. What was the reason for sending such a gift to a minor local ruler ? The written sources inform us that the daughter of the Seljuk Sultan Kiliç Aslan I. , Sacide Hatun , was married with Rukn ed Devle Davud, owner of our bowl. Furthermore the sources tell us that bowls were sometimes a part of the dowries. All these factors lead me to suggest that the so-called Artukid bowl was produced as a wedding gift in a Greek atelier of Seljuk Anatolia. (shrink)

In this article, I will look into the possibilities of ‘authenticity’ in sports participation, based on the discussions of previous papers published on the topic and suggest some new ideas. For the...

Spontaneous mirror self-recognition is achieved by only a limited number of species, suggesting a sharp “cognitive Rubicon” that only few can pass. But is the demarcation line that sharp? In studies on monkeys, who do not recognize themselves in a mirror, animals can make a difference between their mirror image and an unknown conspecific. This evidence speaks for a gradualist view of mirror self-recognition. We hypothesize that such a gradual process possibly consists of at least two independent aptitudes, the ability (...) to detect synchronicity between self- and foreign movement and the cognitive understanding that the mirror reflection is oneself. Pigeons are known to achieve the first but fail at the second aptitude. We therefore expected them to treat their mirror image differently from an unknown pigeon, without being able to understand that the mirror reflects their own image. We tested pigeons in a task where they either approached a mirror or a Plexiglas barrier to feed. Behind the Plexiglas an unknown pigeon walked at the same time toward the food bowl. Thus, we pitched a condition with a mirror-self and a foreign bird against each other, with both of them walking close toward the food bowl. By a detailed analysis of a whole suit of behavioral details, our results make it likely that the foreign pigeon was treated as a competitor while the mirror image caused hesitation as if being an uncanny conspecific. Our results are akin to those with monkeys and show that pigeons do not equal their mirror reflection with a conspecific, although being unable to recognize themselves in the mirror. (shrink)

Research into spirituality and its impact on the work environment has been bourgeoning. In an attempt to explore the role of Islamic spirituality in the workplace, this study examines the influence of Islamic spirituality on job satisfaction and organisational commitment through work ethics. Data are obtained by an online Likert-scaled questionnaire survey based on one thousand Muslim employees from various economic sectors in Indonesia and analysed through structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings demonstrate that Islamic spirituality positively influences job satisfaction (...) and organisational commitment as two dimensions of work attitudes and that work ethics mediate that influence. There is also evidence that job satisfaction positively influences organisational commitment, but work ethics does not moderate that influence. The findings related to the role of work ethics, which mediates the effect of Islamic spirituality on job satisfaction and organisational commitment, can be considered the contribution of this study. (shrink)

It is rather difficult to detail the history of Abyssinian Judaism. Although there is no clear information on the subject, the existence of a Jewish ethnic group in Abyssinia is generally explained as the result of contact with members of the ancient Jewish community. Recent research point out a much more different and complex picture of Judaism in Abyssinia. First of all, it is important to know that in the early stages of Abyssinia, an ethnically and religiously differentiated (distinguishable) Jewish (...) community has yet been encountered. What should be questioned in the study of Abyssinian Judaism is the Ethiopian Orthodox Tawhid Church (Abyssinian Orthodox Church) itself, which for many years served as a vehicle for transmitting Hebrew elements. In that sense Abyssinian Orthodox Christianity offers one of the most unique expressions of world Christianity; is still observing the Sabbath and still continuing to circumcise boys. Moreover, it maintains the belief that the Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia before the destruction of the Solomon’s Temple. If Abyssinian Christianity which has a Judeo-Christian tradition is to be igno-red and a separate history of Abyssinian Judaism (as a community) is to be established with evidence, it is understood that the starting point could be after the 14th century. The claim of the study is that the formation process of Abyssinian Juda-ism may have been a development formed by Abyssinia's own choice with the acceptance of Christianity rather than a direct continuation of a Jewish group. The weight of Jewish influence in the Falasha community, which is claimed to be the present representative of Abyssinian Judaism, is related to the orientation of the local monks after the 15th century and the result of the texts they convey (transfer). When the ethnic and religious positions of the Falashas are evaluated objectively, the Falashas are directly embedded in the Judeo-Christian tradition of Abyssinia. Therefore, it is understood that Falashas cannot be held responsible for Jewish influence in the face of Abyssinian Christianity which has followed a Judeo-Christian tradition for many years. (shrink)

Osmanlı sanatçıları tarafından, zamanla bozulan nüshalardan çıkarmak suretiyle ya da müzayedelerde satışa sunulan hat ve minyatürleri bir şekilde temin edip, daha fazla yok olmalarının önüne geçmek amacıyla uygulanan onarım işlemine vassale tekniği, bu tekniği uygulayan sanatçıya da vassal adı verilmiştir. XVII. yüzyılda Kalender Paşa tarafından hazırlanan I. Ahmed Albümü ile öne çıkan vassalecilik, XVIII. yüzyılda gelişerek devam etmiş, özellikle koleksiyoner Mehmed Emin Efendi ve adı bilinmeyen vassallar tarafından onarım tekniği olarak uygulanmıştır. Ancak onarım işlemi olarak başlayan bu teknik, Kalender Paşa (...) ile birlikte sanata dönüşmüş ve başta murakkalar olmak üzere çok sayıda resimli nüshalar hazırlanmıştır. Bu makalede, XVIII. yüzyılda Osmanlı kitap sanatlarında karşılaşılan farklı bir şekilde uygulanması nedeniyle, önemli bir yere sahip vassale tekniğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, söz konusu yüzyıllarda karşılaşılan ve kitapları onarmak amacıyla kullanılan vassale tekniğinin yüzyıllara bağlı olarak sanatçılar ve koleksiyonerler tarafından uygulanış biçimi, Osmanlı kitap sanatları içinde önemli bir yeri olan murakka ve resimli elyazmaları üzerinden seçilen örnekler ışığında incelenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında ulaşılan örnekler arasından seçilen nüshalar; “Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi B.408 numaralı I. Ahmed Albümü, H.1115 numaralı Hamse-i Nizami, H.2155 numaralı Albüm, H.2135 numaralı Murakka ve İstanbul Üniversitesi Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi Türkçe Yazmalar Koleksiyonu 06131, 06132, 06133 numaralı Şehnâme Tercümesi” adlı koleksiyonlarda yer almaktadır. (shrink)

Aristotle, who has come to the forefront with the significant contributions to the development of logic throughout the history, has been the source of different perspectives for his subsequent studies with his philosophical system and logic. Many thinkers and logicians, including Russell, have come face to face with Aristotle and his ideas, regardless of whether they are positive or negative. The aim of this study is to explain the meaning of Aristotle's syllogism theory from Russell's point of view. In accordance (...) with this aim, firstly the effects of the theory of syllogism on the development of logic and then Aristotle's own explanations are given. The study continues by examining the formal and contextual details of syllogism inferences from Russell's consideration. In the conclusion part, it is stated how studies in logic, which grew in size with the important contributions of Aristotle, reached a different point with the tradition in which Russell was involved. In the light of all these explanations, it will be seen that Aristotle and Russell look for ways to think correctly and consistently in their work, and they want to express the validity of inferences according to formal patterns. (shrink)

Dil, dünya ile düşünce ilişkisini dil aracılığıyla kurma ve dil bağlamında bilgiye açıklık kazandırma amacını güden mantıkçı pozitivizm, 20. yüzyılın önemli düşünsel eğilimlerinden biridir. Bu anlayışa göre başta felsefe olmak üzere disiplinlerdeki çeşitli konu ve problemler, yeni mantığın metotları eşliğinde geliştirilen dilsel çözümleme bağlamında tahlil edilmelidir. Bu çerçevede, bilgi değeri taşıyan anlamlı tümceler ile bilgi değeri taşımayan anlamsız tümceler arasına çizilebilecek sınırın işareti olan “anlam kriteri”, mantıkçı pozitivist düşünürlerin temel meselesi haline gelmiştir. Buna dayanarak bilgi değeri taşımamaları ve anlamsız olmaları (...) nedeniyle metafiziğin tümcelerini, felsefeden elimine etme girişimleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Çalışma içerisinde dikkate alınacak olan hususlar, bahsi geçen bu girişimin ilk oluşturucularından olan ve anlamı, yeni mantık çerçevesinde öncelikli bir şekilde inceleyen Frege, Russell ve Wittgenstein’ın yaklaşımlarını incelemektir. Öyle ki bu düşünürlerin izinden giden mantıkçı pozitivistler, anlam sorunu etrafında metafiziğin felsefeden elenmesi çabasını taşımış ve ilerletmişlerdir. Dolayısıyla “anlam”ın yeni mantığın metotları bağlamında nasıl temellendirildiği konusu, bu girişimin kökenlerinin açıklığa kavuşturulması noktasında oldukça mühim bir yere sahiptir. Çalışmanın sınırları içerisinde mantıkçı pozitivist düşünürlerden, dilin mantıksal sentaksına bağlı bir şekilde “doğrulama ile anlam” arasındaki ilişkiyi vurgulayan Carnap’ın ve “anlam kriteri ile doğrulama ilkesi” arasında kurulan bağ ile ön plana çıkan Ayer’in düşüncelerine değinilecektir. (shrink)

This paper examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance for Islamic banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council region over the period 2000–2014 by generating CSR-related data through disclosure analysis of the annual reports of the sampled banks. The findings of this study indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between CSR disclosure and the financial performance of Islamic banks in the GCC countries. The results also show a positive relationship between CSR disclosure and the future financial (...) performance of GCC Islamic banks, potentially indicating that current CSR activities carried out by Islamic banks in the GCC could have a long-term impact on their financial performance. Furthermore, despite demonstrating a significant positive relationship between the composite measure of the CSR disclosure index and financial performance, the findings show no statistically significant relationship between the individual dimensions of the CSR disclosure index and the current financial performance measure except for ‘mission and vision’ and ‘products and services’. Similarly, the empirical results detect a positive significant association only between ‘mission and vision’ dimension and future financial performance of the examined banks. (shrink)

This study examines retail investors’ trading behaviour and its determinants in the Indonesian _Shari’ah_ stock market by mainly focusing on the religious practice-related factors in the form of _sadaqah_ or charitable giving on individual investors’ trading behaviour. Contextually, the Islamic moral economy (IME) assumes a direct relationship between religiosity and _sadaqah_ giving due to the _falah_ (salvation) oriented individual objective function, which can be reached through doing _ihsan_ (beneficence for equilibrium). The findings based on a questionnaire survey distributed to individual (...) investors on _Shari’ah_ Online Trading System (SOTS) delineate that religiosity, accounting information, neutral information, personal financial needs, and the _sadaqah_ feature have significantly affected investors’ trading behaviour in which the _sadaqah_ feature is positively correlated, while religiosity factors are negatively correlated. Thus, despite the theoretical expectation through IME, this study evidences that Islamic logic is not the main determining factor, as market logic related factors seem to be more dominant in the behaviour of investors in the Indonesian capital market. (shrink)

This study utilises higher objectives postulated in Islamic moral economy or themaqasid al-Shari’ahtheoretical framework’s novel approach in evaluating the ethical, social, environmental and financial performance of Islamic banks.Maqasid al-Shari’ahis interpreted as achieving social good as a consequence in addition to well-being and, hence, it goes beyond traditional (voluntary) social responsibility. This study also explores the major determinants that affectmaqasidperformance as expressed through disclosure analysis. By expanding the traditionalmaqasid al-Shari’ah,, we develop a comprehensive evaluation framework in the form of amaqasidindex, which (...) is subjected to a rigorous disclosure analysis. Furthermore, in identifying the main determinants of themaqasiddisclosure performance, panel data analysis is used by including several key variables alongside political and socio-economic environment, ownership structures, and corporate andShari’ahgovernance-related factors. The sample includes 33 full-fledged Islamic banks from 12 countries for the period of 2008–2016. The findings show that although during the nine-year period the disclosure ofmaqasidperformance of the sampled Islamic banks has improved, this is still short of ‘best practices’. Through panel data analysis, this study finds that the Muslim population indicator, CEO duality,Shari’ahgovernance, and leverage variables positively impact the disclosure ofmaqasidperformance. However, the effect of GDP, financial development and human development index of the country, its political and civil rights, institutional ownership, and a higher share of independent directors have an overall negative impact on themaqasidperformance. The findings reported in this study identify complex and multi-faceted relations between external market realities, corporate andShari’ahgovernance mechanisms, andmaqasidperformance. (shrink)

Research has demonstrated that two types of affect have an influence on judgment and decision making: incidental affect (affect unrelated to a judgment or decision such as a mood) and integral affect (affect that is part of the perceiver’s internal representation of the option or target under consideration). So far, these two lines of research have seldom crossed so that knowledge concerning their combined effects is largely missing. To fill this gap, the present review highlights differences and similarities between integral (...) and incidental affect. Further, common and unique mechanisms that enable these two types of affect to influence judgment and choices are identified. Finally, some basic principles for affect integration when the two sources co-occur are outlined. These principles are discussed in relation to existing work that has focused on incidental or integral affect but not both. (shrink)

Islamic Banking and Financial Crisis, edited by Habib Ahmed, Mehmet Asutay, and Rodney Wilson, definitely has merit. The book comes at a time when conventional financial institutions face stress and, in many instances, utter failure as a result of the 2008 global financial crisis. While the book is not designed primarily as a retrospective, it does offer an opportunity for reflection.

"Critical Approaches to International Relations: Philosophical Foundations and Current Debates explores the achievements of a wide variety of critical approaches in International Relations theory, discusses the barrage of criticism and theoretical openings they levied against the IR orthodoxy and suggests future potential of critical IR scholarship to improve not only our explanatory possibilities, but also our ethical and practical horizons. In line with this broad objective, the book examines a number of influential approaches within critical IR scholarship, including core strands (...) of critical IR theory such as Marxism, post-structuralism, Feminism, post-colonialism and green politics as well as some sub-school approaches such as Marxist theories of imperialism, dependency perspective, uneven and combine development and non-western IR theory. Contributors are: M. Kürşad Özekin, Engin Sune, Çağdaş Özeniş, Gözde Turan, Mine Nur Küçük, Neslihan Dikmen Alsancak, Zeynep Arıöz, Pınar Akgül, and Altuğ Günar"--. (shrink)