After the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine, the flow of forced migration from Ukraine has significantly increased as people tried to protect their lives and find a safe place to live. Given that Ukraine shares the external border with the European Union, most people sought protection precisely in the Member States of the European Union. The study aims to analyze the features of the legal regulation of the provision of temporary protection in the European Union and determine (...) the reasons and conditions that led to its activation after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine on February 24, 2022. The leading method of the research was the method of systematic analysis, which helped define temporary protection as a multifaceted phenomenon and determine the reasons and conditions that led to its activation in the European Union after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine on February 24, 2022. In order to regulate the mass influx of Ukrainian displaced persons, the European Union has activated the mechanisms of temporary protection, which is an emergency mechanism introduced by a decision of the Council of the European Union. The status of a person with temporary protection provides certain rights analyzed in the article. Thus, the activation by the European Union of the Temporary Protection Directive is a justified and appropriate measure to protect the mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine. (shrink)

Свобода постає як добра воля і вільний вибір громадянина, коли він виявляє себе як волонтер. Крім того, волонтерство завжди спрямоване на спільне благо і є важливою і відповідальною роботою, попри те, що до неї не може бути примусу. Назріло осмислення того, що волонтерство присвячене не супутнім або другорядним суспільним справам, як наприклад, піклування про хворих вуличних тварин або екологічні рухи, але стосується самого сенсу суспільного життя як щирого прагнення творити добро для інших і піклуватися про створення спільного блага – незважаючи (...) на меркантильний інтерес та егоїстичні мотиви. Волонтерство показує, що найважливіші речі у взаємодії з іншими людьми не можна виміряти грошима чи домаганнями влади. Уся історія філософії додає важливі сенси до осмислення специфічної свободи як вона себе врешті-решт проявляє у волонтерському русі. Філософія волонтерського руху – це практична філософія свободи. Слід здійснити філософське переосмислення досліджень свободи людини як громадянина і як учасника інших соціальних взаємин, яке було здійснене у історії філософії з найдавніших часів. У даній статті лише позначено пунктиром основні ідеї, які мають значущість для філософії волонтерського руху сьогодні і які було сформульовано у різний період класиками філософської думки у світі і в Україні. У античності важливими є концептуалізації свободи Сократом та його послідовниками, а також представниками епікуреїзму та стоїцизму, у Середні віки – Святим Августином, Томою Аквінським, згодом – Мартином Лютером і Еразмом Ротердамським, у Новий час – концепції громадянських свобод Томаса Гобса, Жан-Жака Русо та інших, у філософії німецького ідеалізму важливим є зв’язок свободи і свідомості, у філософії лібералізму та прагматизму виявлено інституційні засади свободи, сучасна політична філософія розкриває зв’язок свободи особистості і її роль у розвитку громад. Дослідження свободи відіграють важливу роль у розвитку української філософії щонайменше від Григорія Сковороди. Сучасні дослідники присвятили темі волонтерства дослідження у царині психології, соціальної роботи, політології та інших соціальних та гуманітарних наук, тоді як філософські дослідження свободи під кутом зору аналізу волонтерського руху лише починаються. (shrink)

Through the analysis of the perceptual and interactive aspects of communication in their application to the cognitive process, the author demonstrates the importance of inter-individual communication in cognitive processes, and that communication alone creates the structures of the cognitive process. Having examined subject-subject and subject-object relations, the author proves that it is the subject-subject orientation that becomes the guiding one in the cognitive process, which is reflected not only at the level of everyday but also scientific communication. The author comes (...) to the conclusion that the completeness of the cognitive process is possible provided that the direct interaction of the subject and the object is supplemented by interpersonal communication with other subjects, and that intersubjective contacts play a significant role in subject-object cognition. According to the author, communication creates the structures of the cognitive process, since the latter is contractual in nature. (shrink)

The author affirms, that the essence of Thomas Gobbes philosophy lies in transformation law of nature into political power. Due to human equal rights, every particular human is weaker then the others. Hence for self-preservation of particular humans natural law has to be transformed into two distinct forms of power: into an absolute power of sovereign and into freedom of subjects, that from now on considers as an ability to obey to sovereign. If humans give to the sovereign power that (...) is inverted to their ability of being humans, then sovereign has to be face of humans` ability to use their freedom, hence use humans as humans have to be used. Freedom to be a human is held by a human until she wants to be considered as human. (shrink)

Through the analysis of modes, man and the concept of intellectus in Spinoza's philosophy, the author shows that creation is reduced to the concept of cognitive activity of intellectus. The essence of intellectus is to bridge the gap between the modality and substance of reality, and a specific, given modal possibility, expressed in desire, which signals the gap, manifested through affects. For Spinoza, creation shifts from the sphere of the will to the sphere of the action of intellectus. Thus, creation (...) is a creative act that combines what should be and what is in reality. Therefore, every action of the intellect is presented as a modusof God. The author concludes that in Spinoza's philosophy, God is an eternal creation of himself, an eternal self-modification through his modal states. (shrink)

The author examines Spinoza's view of (1) the relationship between modes of substance and divine power, particularly in the context of the limitations of each individual mode, (2) the process of realizing divine power within a specific mode. The text proves that the representation of all things as modes of substance, or divine modes, allows Spinoza to endow them with divine power. For a thing that exists in time and has duration, the preservation of existence means creation. Thus, maintaining the (...) existence of a thing is identical to its creation. The power of a substance, expressed in its potency, is manifested in the duration of a thing. The specified duration is a manifestation of the substance's power, that is, its ability to create, preserve, and destroy things in their existence. (shrink)

Building a biobank network in developing countries is essential to foster genomic research and precision medicine for patients’ benefit. However, there are serious barriers to establishing biobanks in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Ukraine. Here, we outline key barriers and essential milestones for the successful expansion of biobanks, genomic research and personalised medicine in Ukraine, drawing from the experience of other LMICs. A lack of legal and ethical governance in conjunction with limited awareness about biobanking and community distrust are (...) the principal threats to establishing biobanks. The experiences of LMICs suggest that Ukraine urgently needs national guidelines covering ethical and legal aspects of biospecimen-related research. National guidelines must be consistent with international ethical recommendations for safeguarding participants’ rights, welfare and privacy. Additionally, efforts to educate and engage physicians and patient communities are essential for achieving biobanking goals and benefits for precision medicine and future patients. (shrink)

This article aims to define natural human rights in the context of forming postmodern views on an individual today. Natural rights exist, regardless of whether they are enshrined somewhere or not: they are clear from the natural context and essence of human activity. The postmodern world is experiencing a crisis of fatigue from life, fatigue of culture, which for the global world has become a political and economic crisis of ineffectiveness of the policy of multi-culturalism and poly-culturalism and the growing (...) dangers and threats associated with it. Therefore, it is crucial to find out how natural human rights are realized in postmodern society. Importantly, the article analyzes the basic theoretical and methodical principles of creating the postmodern environment and its impact on people. It also defines the main concepts and categories of human rights in the context of evolution of postmodern society. To study the socio-cultural impact on personality development in the postmodern era, the article explores how legal culture is formed in the course of civilizational-evolutionary development of society. Research methods are as follows: analytical methods, descriptive and explanatory methods, synthesis and analysis. The obtained results prove that natural human rights manifest the evolution of cultural progress and prospects for further analysis of their socio-cultural effects on the development of postmodern society. (shrink)