In a recent paper, Barrett & Halvorson (2016) define a notion of equiva- lence for first-order theories, which they call “Morita Equivalence.” To argue that Morita equivalence is a reasonable measure of “theoretical equivalence,” they make use of the claim that Morita extensions “say no more” than the theories they are extending. The goal of this paper is to challenge this central claim by raising objections to their argument for it and by showing why there is good reason to (...) think that the claim itself is false. In light of these criticisms, this paper develops a natural way for the advocate of Morita equivalence to respond. However, this response makes her criterion equivalent to mutual faithful interpretability, an already well-known and philosophically contentious barometer of theoretical equivalence. (shrink)

W.V.O. Quine: Ontologická relativita W. Sellars: VĂ˝znam jako funkÄŤnĂ klasifikace D. Davidson: O samotnĂ© myšlence pojmovĂ©ho schĂ©matu N. Goodman: Slova, dĂla svÄ›ty R. Rorty: ZkoumĂnĂ jako rekontextualizace: antidualistickĂ© pojetĂ interpretace H. Putnam: Otázka realismu..

Eukaryotes organize certain chromosomal intervals into domains capable of si lencing most genes. Examples of silencing domains include the HML/HMR loci and subtelomeric chromatin in yeast, the Barr body X chromosome in mammals, and the pericentric heterochromatin of Drosophila. Silencing chromatin is often correlated with more regularized nucleosomal array than that found in active chromatin, and transcriptional activators appear to be missing from their target sites in silent chromatin. In Drosophila, gene silencing by heterochromatin is often variegated, indicating that a (...) gene may escape silencing in some cells. In a recent study, Ahmad and Henikoff(1) show that a yeast activator can compete successfully with Drosophila heterochromatic silencing factors for target sites in DNA. This competition, together with developmental change in the stability of heterochromatin itself, decides the transcriptional state for a gene subject to heterochromatin repression. BioEssays 23:767–771, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

Different directed acyclic graphs may be Markov equivalent in the sense that they entail the same conditional indepen- dence relations among the observed variables. Meek characterizes Markov equiva- lence classes for DAGs by presenting a set of orientation rules that can correctly identify all arrow orienta- tions shared by all DAGs in a Markov equiv- alence class, given a member of that class. For DAG models with latent variables, maxi- mal ancestral graphs provide a neat representation that facilitates model (...) search. Earlier work has identified a set of orientation rules sufficient to con- struct all arrowheads common to a Markov equivalence class of MAGs. In this paper, we provide extra rules sufficient to construct all common tails as well. We end up with a set of orientation rules sound and complete for identifying commonalities across a Markov equivalence class of MAGs, which is partic- ularly useful for causal inference. (shrink)

Ac cord ing to the cen tral hy poth e sis of this pa per, late cap i tal ism is ac com pa nied by a pro - found re def i ni tion of the con di tion of the cit i zen. Ac cord ing to Mar shall, cit i zen ship was linked to dis trib u tive equal ity, and the ex is tence of a com - mon cul ture. It..

The mil i tary dic ta tor ship which in ter - rupted Ar gen tine de moc racy (1976-1983) trans - formed the eco nomic and so cial struc ture of the coun try. The dis ci plin ing of so ci ety in its di verse forms of po lit i cal vi o lence, was en closed for so - phis ti cated tools of per sua ..

Robert Zaretsky’s The Subversive Simone Weil: A Life in Five Ideas offers a nuanced and engaging account of a thinker who to this date is mostly shunned by academic philosophy. As indicated by its subtitle, it explores five key concepts in Weil’s thought that according to Zaretsky “still reso-nate today. Or, I believe, should resonate”, given Weil’s obscurity. By linking each of these con-cepts to a particular episode or development in Weil’s more-than-eventful life, Zaretsky makes both his protagonist and the (...) contemporary challenges she deals with in her writings palpable. Es-pecially the first is no easy task, in view of the many paradoxes that surround Weil’s life and per-sonality: A secular Jew in the search of a Christian God, a pacifist eager to fight in the Spanish Civil war, a rationalist with mystic leanings, “a communist with a small c” (68) mistrustful of par-ties on either side of the political spectrum. Zaretsky demonstrates that it is precisely this ambiva-lence of Weil which makes her such a “subversive” and fascinating author who defies expectations and unnerves her readers. (shrink)