The synthetic position adopted by Müller is weakened by a large number of overinterpretations and misrepresentations, together with a caricatured view of innateness and modularity.

This study investigated the effect of Mahjong, which is a table game played by three or four players and involves intellectual activity, on the intelligence quotient of children. The participants were children between the age of 6 and 15 years, and their IQ was assessed immediately after enrolling in children's Mahjong classes and 1 year after the enrollment using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition. Twenty children were included in the analysis. Their mean age at the time of (...) the initial evaluation was 9 years and 6 months. In addition, we conducted a 1-year post-examination. The change in the IQ of this group was compared to that of a historical control group with a similar age range and test–retest interval. The mean overall full-scale IQ of the 20 children during the initial and post-1-year examinations was 106.05 and 113.75, respectively, and showed a statistically significant increase. Based on the subscale index, the verbal comprehension index and processing speed index scores both showed a statistically significant increase from 100.6 to 106.75 and from 108.05 to 119.05, respectively. The PSI of the children included in the analysis showed a statistically significant increase compared to the historical control group. This study suggests that children who participate in Mahjong classes during their childhood have increased PSI scores of WISC-IV. (shrink)

The frequency and temperature dependences of the ac conductivity and dielectric constant of the V 2 O 5 -MnO-TeO 2 system, containing two transition-metal ions, have been measured. The dc conductivity † dc measured in the high-temperature range decreases with addition of the oxide MnO. This is considered to be due to the formation of bonds such as V--O--Mn and Mn--O--Mn in the glass. The conductivity arises mainly from polaron hopping between V 4+ and V 5+ ions. It is found (...) that a mechanism of adiabatic small-polaron hopping is the most appropriate conduction model for these glasses. This is in sharp contrast with the behaviour of the Mn-free V 2 O 5 -TeO 2 glass, in which non-adiabatic hopping takes place. High-temperature conductivity data satisfy Mott's small-polaron hopping model and also a model proposed by Schnakenberg in 1968. A power-law behaviour † ac = A y s , with s < 1) is well exhibited by the ac conductivity † ac data of these glasses. Analysis of dielectric data indicates a Debye-type relaxation behaviour with a distribution of relaxation times. The MnO-concentration-dependent † ac data follow an overlapping large-polaron tunnelling model over the entire range of temperatures studied. The estimated model parameters are reasonable and consistent with changes in composition. (shrink)

Financial gerontology can be defined as investigating relations between finances and aging. Authors such as Neal E. Cutler, Kouhei Komamura, Davis W. Gregg, Shinya Kajitani, Kei Sakata, and Colin McKenzie affirm that financial literacy is an effect of aging with concern about the issue of finances, as well as stating that it is the effect of longevity and aging on economies or the financial resilience of older people.

Financial gerontology can be defined as investigating relations between finances and aging. Authors such as Neal E. Cutler, Kouhei Komamura, Davis W. Gregg, Shinya Kajitani, Kei Sakata, and Colin McKenzie affirm that financial literacy is an effect of aging with concern about the issue of finances, as well as stating that it is the effect of longevity and aging on economies or the financial resilience of older people.