We elaborate on Glowacki's claim that humans are more capable of establishing peace than other mammals. We present three aspects suggesting caution. First, the social capabilities of nonhuman primates should not be underestimated. Second, the effect of these capabilities on peace establishment is nonmonotonous. Third, defining peace by human-centered values introduces a fallacy.

We discuss and expand Boyer's idea of ownership coordination. Interpersonal similarity, we suggest, can moderate the attainment of coordination: Perceived similarity predicts coordination costs, whereas actual similarity dictates coordination success and the severity of illusory assumptions regarding a shared understanding of ownership. The example of similarity highlights the complexity of the social projection process uncritically assumed behind ownership coordination.

An implicit ambiguity in the field of prediction-based decision-making concerns the relation between the concepts of prediction and decision. Much of the literature in the field tends to blur the boundaries between the two concepts and often simply refers to ‘fair prediction’. In this paper, we point out that a differentiation of these concepts is helpful when trying to implement algorithmic fairness. Even if fairness properties are related to the features of the used prediction model, what is more properly called (...) ‘fair’ or ‘unfair’ is a decision system, not a prediction model. This is because fairness is about the consequences on human lives, created by a decision, not by a prediction. In this paper, we clarify the distinction between the concepts of prediction and decision and show the different ways in which these two elements influence the final fairness properties of a prediction-based decision system. As well as discussing this relationship both from a conceptual and a practical point of view, we propose a framework that enables a better understanding and reasoning of the conceptual logic of creating fairness in prediction-based decision-making. In our framework, we specify different roles, namely the ‘prediction-modeler’ and the ‘decision-maker,’ and the information required from each of them for being able to implement fairness of the system. Our framework allows for deriving distinct responsibilities for both roles and discussing some insights related to ethical and legal requirements. Our contribution is twofold. First, we offer a new perspective shifting the focus from an abstract concept of algorithmic fairness to the concrete context-dependent nature of algorithmic decision-making, where different actors exist, can have different goals, and may act independently. In addition, we provide a conceptual framework that can help structure prediction-based decision problems with respect to fairness issues, identify responsibilities, and implement fairness governance mechanisms in real-world scenarios. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

L'auteur montre tous les enjeux de la médiation pour une bonne administration de la justice dans le cadre des réformes en cours.

This paper examines the role of community interventions in post-conflict settings. The focus is on peacebuilding through the shaping of collective memories, achieved through the transformation of social ties. By addressing community interventions, this paper opens the black box between interventions by formal institutions (such as peace treaties, trials, or truth commissions) and outcomes. It is based on a study of one specific cross-community initiative in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which – in 2012 – employed a Transitional Justice Grassroots Toolkit. Document (...) analysis is complemented by interviews with participants and organizers to reveal the role of pedagogical practices, mediated by cohort effects, in facilitating cultural transformation through group interactions. This paper suggests how community interventions can change collective memories, cultural trauma, and related identities of the conflict, away from their polarized and polarizing forms, and it explores implications for future peace and social justice. (shrink)

First encounters : Jesuit logica in the late Ming and early Qing -- Haphazard overtures : logic in nineteenth-century Protestant writings -- Great expectations : Yan Fu and the discovery of European logic -- Spreading the word : logic in late Qing education and popular discourse -- Heritage unearthed : the discovery of Chinese logic -- Textbooks on logic adapted from Japanese, 1902-1911 -- Logical terms in early-twentieth-century textbooks.

Die Möglichkeitsspekulation des Duns Scotus (1266-1308) gehört zu den bemerkenswertesten metaphysischen Konstruktionen des späteren Mittelalters. Im vorliegenden Buch unternimmt der Verfasser den Versuch, anhand der systematischen Entfaltung der beiden Möglichkeitsstufen (logische und reale Möglichkeit) nachzuweisen, dass hier eine «Philosophie der Endlichkeit» vorliegt, die sich selbst transzendiert, gleichsam von selbst in Metaphysik übergehen muss. Das Ergebnis ist eine originelle und weit vorausweisende Begründung kontingenten, endlichen Seins.

One way of coping with agreement of features in French is to perform two parallel computations, one in the free pregroup of syntactic types, the other in that of feature types. Technically speaking, this amounts to working in the direct product of two free pregroups.

In den "Rhetorikforschungen", begründet von Gert Ueding (mit Joachim Dyck und Walter Jens), erscheinen hervorragende Leistungen rhetorischer Grundlagenforschung. Interdisziplinarität ist konstitutiv: Publiziert werden auch Studien jener wissenschaftlichen Fächer, die aus der Rhetorik hervorgegangen und methodisch mit ihr verflochten geblieben sind, sowie Arbeiten zur Praxis rhetorischen Sprechens in Alltag und Beruf, in öffentlichen Debatten, in Wirtschaft und Politik. Besonderes Gewicht liegt auf historischen Aspekten. Historisch meint hier: bis auf den heutigen Tag. Leitend bleibt die Frage, welche Rolle die Rhetorik in (...) den verschiedenen Disziplinen heute hat, welche Bedeutung sie in der modernen Gesellschaft für sich beansprucht. Die historische Perspektive erfasst dabei in Theorie und Praxis die Geschichte der Rhetorik und ihrer Rezeption von der Antike über das Mittelalter, den Humanismus, den Barock und die Aufklärung bis hin zu ihrer anschließenden Transformation und Verdrängung. Mit dem 20. Jahrhundert treten Medienrhetorik, Werbe-Rhetorik und digitale Formen der Kommunikation hinzu. (shrink)

Grammar can be formulated as a kind of substructural propositional logic. In support of this claim, we survey bare Gentzen style deductive systems and two kinds of non-commutative linear logic: intuitionistic and compact bilinear logic. We also glance at their categorical refinements.

This article describes the phenomenon of knowledge building in online environments. Knowledge building is a process within a community, which leads to the development of knowledge. In order to analyze this process, we will look into the ways in which individuals interact with the collective as a whole. For this purpose, the psychic and social systems, which are involved here are regarded as meaning-based systems in the sense of Luhmann’s systems theory—open to the environment, but operatively closed. The respective modes (...) of operation of psychic and social systems will be examined, and “structural coupling” between these systems described. Another characteristic of knowledge-building communities is self-organization, which is described here in the sense of autopoiesis. A pivotal task, which knowledge-building communities have to tackle, is to handle complexity and reach common understanding. These aspects will also be described using conceptualizations of Luhmann’s systems theory, illustrated by many examples. (shrink)

Der Kern der Logik, wie er sich in den Sätzen der Identität, des ausgeschlossenen Widerspruches und des ausgeschlossenen Dritten ausgedrückt findet, ist nicht revidierbar, auch nicht mit Hilfe von mehrwertigen Logiken. Überdies kommt der Logik, will man die uneingeschränkte Möglichkeit von Widersprüchen eliminieren, gegenüber der Dialektik der methodologische Primat zu. Der unaufhebbare Primat der Logik ist jedoch ein Primat und keine absolute Herrschaft, d.h. es ist möglich, die Grenze der Anwendbarkeit der Logik zu ermitteln. Diese Grenze ist dann erreicht, wenn (...) ein kontextvariantes Objekt nicht zu einem kontextinvarianten Objekt umgeformt werden kann. Das ist z. B. der Fall beim Ganzen im Sinne der Totalität. Dies Ergebnis hat Folgen für die Gültigkeit des Popperschen Falsifikationsprinzips: Läßt sich zeigen, daß die Widersprüche einer These nur von kontextvarianten Objekten, die sich nicht in kontextinvariante Objekte verwandeln lassen, herrühren, so ist die betreffende These aufgrund dieser Widersprüche allein noch nicht korrekturbedürftig, geschweige denn widerlegt. (shrink)