This paper is a critical response to Andreas Bartels’ sophisticated defense of a structural account of scientific representation. We show that, contrary to Bartels’ claim, homomorphism fails to account for the phenomenon of misrepresentation. Bartels claims that homomorphism is adequate in two respects. First, it is conceptually adequate, in the sense that it shows how representation differs from misrepresentation and non-representation. Second, if properly weakened, homomorphism is formally adequate to accommodate misrepresentation. We question both claims. First, we show that homomorphism (...) is not the right condition to distinguish representation from misrepresentation and non-representation: a “representational mechanism” actually does all the work, and it is independent of homomorphism – as of any structural condition. Second, we test the claim of formal adequacy against three typical kinds of inaccurate representation in science which, by reference to a discussion of the notorious billiard ball model, we define as abstraction, pretence, and simulation. We first point out that Bartels equivocates between homomorphism and the stronger condition of epimorphism, and that the weakened form of homomorphism that Bartels puts forward is not a morphism at all. After providing a formal setting for abstraction, pretence and simulation, we show that for each morphism there is at least one form of inaccurate representation which is not accommodated. We conclude that Bartels’ theory – while logically laying down the weakest structural requirements – is nonetheless formally inadequate in its own terms. This should shed serious doubts on the plausibility of any structural account of representation more generally. (shrink)

We present a causal model for the EPR correlations. In this model, or better framework for a model, causality is preserved by the direct propagation of causal influences between the wings of the experiment. We show that our model generates the same statistical results for EPR as orthodox quantum mechanics. We conclude that causality in quantum mechanics can not be ruled out on the basis of the EPR-Bell-Aspect correlations alone.

El ensayo pretende mostrar como la obra de García Lorca traspasa la barrera de lo puramente estético, para prefigurarse como un emblema de los problemas sociales que aquejaban a la España de su época, es decir lo social llevado al plano estético de una manera singular; así, el poeta granadino logra trascender a la muerte, tema recurrente en toda su obra, forjando un estilo y modelo de vida que se convertirán en paradigmas dentro del escenario literario hispanoamericano.

Este artículo detalla la labor realizada dentro del proyecto de innovación docente El Ágora que se desarrolla en la Facultad de Comunicación de la Universidad de Castilla-la Mancha con la colaboración del Ente Publico Radiotelevisión de Castilla-La Mancha. Semanalmente, los estudiantes elaboran un programa de radio de 30 minutos que se emite en la radio pública. Además, generan contenidos audiovisuales para otros canales y plataformas. A lo largo de tres años (2019-), 168 estudiantes han participado en el proyecto. Sus valoraciones (...) son positivas tanto sobre la adquisición de conocimientos como a nivel experiencial. (shrink)

Resenha de: Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} ORTEGA Y GASSET, José. Una interpretación de la historia universal: en torno a Toynbee . Obras Completas . v. IX. Madrid: Alianza, 1997.

A pesar de que los historiadores han considerado frecuentemente que el conocimiento histórico moderno surge como contraparte a la filosofía de la historia y el positivismo, en la idea tradicional de narración la herencia de la filosofía dialéctica de Hegel es recurrente: en ambos casos, el devenir de la auto-constitución del ser determina el método de conocimiento. Hegel afirma que las fases de la lógica no son solamente condiciones trascendentales que hacen posible la experiencia, sino etapas en la auto-determinación del (...) Espíritu. Ranke sostiene que la narración es el método histórico apropiado debido a que la historia misma posee una estructura narrativa. Desde la década de 1970, esta idea de narración experimenta una crisis. Nuestra hipótesis es que las perspectivas predominantes de este concepto utilizadas actualmente por historiadores y teóricos de la historia corresponden a las principales posturas del pensamiento filosófico contemporáneo: la narración como modelo analítico, la narración como competencias del discurso práctico, la narración como mecanismo de legitimación, la narración sin estructura y la narración como necesidad transcultural. Despite the fact that historians have often considered that modern historical knowledge originates in opposition to philosophy of history and positivism, in the traditional idea of narration the inheritance of Hegel's dialectical philosophy is recurrent: in both cases, the becoming of the self-constitution of the Being determines the knowledge method. Hegel asseverates that phases of logic are not only transcendental conditions that make possible the experience, but stages in the self-determination of Spirit. Ranke affirms that narration is the historical appropriate method due to the fact that the history itself possesses a narrative structure. Since 1970's, this idea of narration undergoes a crisis. Our hypothesis is that the prevalent perspectives of this concept, used at present by historians and theorists of history, correspond to the principal positions of contemporary philosophical thought: narration as an analytic model, narration as condition of practical discourse, narration as a function of legitimation, narration without structure. (shrink)

Aurelio Arturo constituye un poeta de una singularidad única en el conjunto de la poesía latinoamericana, con una voz sosegada, pero al ritmo de las concreciones universales, le canta al hombre de siempre, narrando no solo paisajes, sino recreando el escenario donde la humanidad hace su curso. Este ensayo muestra facetas de su vida, el manejo del símbolo en su contexto creativo, su lucha por exponer desde la poesía su sentimiento de hombre que debe dar el paso de lo provinciano (...) a lo citadino, para finalmente mostrar quizá la faceta menos conocida de su obra: sus poemas con carácter social. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence plays an important role and has been used by several countries as a health strategy in an attempt to understand, control and find a cure for the disease caused by Coronavirus. These intelligent systems can assist in accelerating the process of developing antivirals for Coronavirus and in predicting new variants of this virus. For this reason, much research on COVID-19 has been developed with the aim of contributing to new discoveries about the Coronavirus. However, there are some epistemological (...) aspects about the use of AI in this pandemic period of Covid-19 that deserve to be discussed and need reflections. In this scenario, this article presents a reflection on the two epistemological aspects faced by the COVID-19 pandemic: The epistemological aspect resulting from the use of patient data to fill the knowledge base of intelligent systems; the epistemological problem arising from the dependence of health professionals on the results/diagnoses issued by intelligent systems. In addition, we present some epistemological challenges to be implemented in a pandemic period. (shrink)

O nosso intuito é problematizar o ensino da filosofia como uma disciplina a ser aprendida. Pretendemos desta forma, trazer questões que possam auxiliar a nossa investigação para uma solução coerente e satisfatória. Para isso, retomaremos alguns conceitos gregos de educação, focando-nos no séc. V a.C. através da tragédia e da sofística para demonstrar a influência destas dentro daquilo que chamamos educação. Se tomarmos o mestre como o artífice e o discípulo como objeto deste ensino, devemos ter em mente que a (...) arte de ensinar é conveniente ao discípulo e não ao mestre. O mestre, portanto, é instrumento para que se possa ensinar tal arte ao discípulo. O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir o ensino, seu instrumento e seu objeto com o intuito de repensar o caminho da filosofia na educação. Para isso, iremos nos apoiar nos conceitos paidéuticos na formação do homem grego da Grécia Clássica. Palavras-chave: Educação. Filosofia. Educação. Tragédia. Sofística. Homem Grego. (shrink)

RESUMO Em nosso artigo, pretendemos verificar as teses de Trasímaco sobre a justiça e se estas são consistentes entre si. Para isso, há de se observar a relação da justiça com o governo e a força que a determina. O intuito é reavivar as discussões hodiernas sobre as teses de Trasímaco dentro da filosofia platônica, assim como demonstrar sua importância para o âmbito da filosofia política. ABSTRACT This article aims to verify Thrasymachus' theses on justice and whether they are consistent (...) with one another. As such, it is necessary to observe the relation between justice and government, as well as the force which determines it. The objective is to revive in actual times the discussions about Thrasymachus' theses within Plato's philosophy, and to demonstrate its importance in the scope of political philosophy. (shrink)

Neste artigo, estudamos as características que o filósofo espanhol Ortega y Gasset atribuiu à vida. Mostramos que o essencial de sua meditação girou em torno do assunto. No entanto, o tema ganhou densidade metafísica somente no final dos anos 1920, quando suas considerações foram inseridas na tradição filosófica do ocidente. Foi quando ele apontou a insuficiência do realismo e do idealismo na abordagem do fundamento pretendido pela Filosofia e apresentou a filosofia da razão vital como um passo adiante das duas (...) grandes perspectivas filosóficas que marcaram a história da metafísica. In this article, we study the characteristics that the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset attributed to life. We show that the essence of his meditations revolved around the subject. However, the issue gained metaphysical density only in the late 1920s, when his remarks were inserted into the philosophical tradition of the West. That is when he pointed out the failure of realism and idealism in the approach to foundations pretended by philosophy, and presented the philosophy of vital reason as a step forward from the two great philosophical perspectives that have marked the history of metaphysics. (shrink)

This study examines the concept of argumentation empirically, to correct the normative conception of argumentation adopted by most scholars since Aristotle. They are not interested in what argumentation is, but in what it ought to be. The pre-Aristotelian approach is preferable, because it recognizes that argumentation, although it includes persuasion, also embraces other eristic techniques in which the speaker does not necessarily seek to persuade, but simply to prevail. This broader descriptive and pragmatic analysis explains the different ways in which (...) discourse actually occurs and particular arguments succeed, leaving in a secondary place the opinion of each author on how they should be. (shrink)

The extent to which people anticipate and are influenced by the potential future consequences of their current behavior is called Consideration of Future Consequences. A well-established tool to measure this construct is the 14-item Consideration of Future Consequences Scale. The CFC-14 has shown appropriate psychometric properties in several languages. This scale comprises two factors: the CFC-Immediate and the CFC-Future. The main goal of this study was to assess the psychometric properties and internal consistency of the CFC-14 Scale in Spanish, using (...) an Argentine sample. A secondary goal was to determine its convergent validity with impulsivity, and determine differences across gender and age groups. Using a web-based survey, we collected data from 512 participants aged 13-74 years. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a 2-factor model as the best solution for 13-items version. Standardized regression weights ranged from.50 to.66 for CFC-F and between.43 and.83 for CFC-I. Composite reliability was also adequate: CFC-F achieve? =.80 and CFC-I? =.82. There were no differences across gender and age. The CFC-F subscale and UPPS-P subscales correlations, were negative and significant, highlighting the negative and moderate correlation between CFC-F and the lack of premeditation, a dimension strictly related to intertemporal decisions making. Thus, CFC-14 has adequate psychometric properties in an Argentinian population, although more studies are necessary to determine the robustness of these findings. (shrink)

This text aims at pointing out some of the philosophy of law present in the works of the Hellenist philosopher and physician Sextus Empiricus (ΣΕΞΤΟϒ ΕΜΠΕΙΡΙΚΟϒ), and supports two main theses: the first, based on an epistemological point of view, presupposes that exact knowledge of the world — that is, an entirely adequate relationship between the mind of each human being and the events around — is not possible, which insurmountably renders all perception relative. The second thesis, from an axiological (...) point of view, postulates that Skepticism does not necessarily imply disregarding concepts of justice or abandoning any ethical parameters, but functions as an immunizing element against intolerance and dogmatism. (shrink)

This article is currently available as a free download on Ingenta Connect.

La pregunta por la fe religiosa y sus posibilidades en el mundo moderno, suponen una determinada comprensión del ser humano. En efecto, dependiendo de cómo el hombre se comprenda a sí mismo será la manera que tenga de reconocer sus posibilidades hacia una experiencia creyente, y abrirse a la acogida de ella como una realidad posible y plausible. Esto es lo que entendió muy bien, desde el principio de su ministerio, el cardenal John Henry Newman. En efecto, la pregunta por (...) el ser humano, y sus consideraciones hacia la fe religiosa pasan a ser el eje central de su predicación anglicana. Este artículo muestra, bajo un estudio estadístico-heurístico, la centralidad temática de la predicación anglicana de Newman que acontece entre 1824 y 1843. The question of religious faith and its possibilities in the modern world supposes a particular understanding of being human. Indeed, depending on how man understands himself will influence how he recognizes his possibilities of a believing experience, and openness to this as a possible and plausible reality. This is what Cardinal John Henry Newman understood very well, from the beginning of his ministry. Undoubtedly, the question on being human and his considerations on religious faith became the centerpiece of his Anglican preaching. This article examines, as a statistical and heuristic study, the thematic centrality of Newman Anglican preaching between 1824 and 1843. (shrink)

Resumen A partir de la Ilustración, la ciencia y la fe ―otrora caminos comunes para alcanzar conocimiento―, se han visto divorciadas y constituidas como realidades divergentes que se oponen cada vez más. La modernidad trajo consigo la insistencia en estas ideas y el divorcio entre ciencia y fe parece no detenerse. El presente artículo propone en un dialogo con John Henry Newman reconocer el lugar propio de la ciencia positiva respecto de la fe religiosa, presentando la distinción epistemológica, o el (...) modo de comprender el conocimiento que hace de la fe un camino plausible y posible que tiene su propia estructura epistémica dirigida hacia la credibilidad de la fe religiosa.Since the Enlightenment, science and faith -once common ways to achieve knowledge- have been divorced and incorporated as divergent realities that increasingly oppose. Modernity brought with it the insistence on these ideas and the divorce of science and faith does not seem to stop. The present article proposes in a dialogue with John Henry Newman to recognize the proper place of positive science regarding religious faith, presenting the epistemological distinction, or the way of understanding the knowledge that makes of faith a plausible and possible path that has its Own epistemic structure directed towards the credibility of religious faith. (shrink)

Resumen La movilidad humana es un fenómeno social que ha puesto en la sensibilidad pública nacional una serie de inquietudes, que han derivado en definiciones normativas desde la política pública. Tras decisiones de orden administrativo, emergen convicciones sociales y culturales que tienden a relativizar, y en otros casos estigmatizar ciertas realidades migratorias subjetivamente evaluadas. En este contexto el aporte que podemos reconocer desde una reflexión teológica, contribuye a ampliar la mirada y reorientar aquellas convicciones previas que se ven ilumina das (...) desde otra epistemología. El presente artículo busca poner el desafío de acoger la movilidad humana en perspectiva teológico fundamental y reconocer allí la integración de un fenómeno que interpela hoy nuestra realidad nacional.Human mobility is a social phenomenon that has put a series of concerns in the national public sensibility, which have resulted in normative definitions from public policy. After administrative decisions, social and cultural convictions emerge that tend to relativize, and in other cases stigmatize certain subjectively evaluated migration realities. In this context, the contribution that we can recognize from a theological reflection, helps to broaden the look and redirect those previous convictions that are illuminated from another epistemology. This article seeks to put the challenge of welcoming human mobility in a fundamental theological perspective and to recognize the integration of a phenomenon that challenges our national reality today. (shrink)

Neste artigo examinamos as teses epistemológicas marcantes do culturalismo dialéctico de Djacir Menezes. Olhada da perspectiva histórica, a evolução espiritual da humanidade, avaliada à luz do monismo dialéctico e da causação diferenciada, é o que ficou conhecido por culturalismo dialéctico.

Neste trabalho examinamos o modo como Miguel Reale concebe a liberdade política e a forma como ao longo da vida a considerou. Ao pensá-la em sociedade, o pensador trata o problema como manifestação de um pensamento filosófico construído a partir do eixo subjetividade encarnada, ou circunstanciada. É este eixo que une suas posições integralistas da juventude com as posições liberais da maturidade. A questão se torna o grande desafio dos últimos trabalhos de Miguel Reale e fica para os seus herdeiros (...) intelectuais como o grande desafio do culturalismo no século XXI. (shrink)

Existen dos corrientes de la filosofía analítica en la historiografía: el neopositivismo de Hempel y la filosofía analítica de la historia de Gardiner y Danto. Para el primero, el modelo de la historiografía debe ser similar al de todo conocimiento científico, a saber, el modelo nomotético de las ciencias físicas y naturales. Para Gardiner y Danto, en cambio, este modelo debe desprenderse del propósito particular de los historiadores y del lenguaje acorde a dichos propósitos. Sus conclusiones abrieron la posibilidad de (...) una nueva perspectiva de análisis, el texto historiográfico, lo que impulsó la reflexión hacia la filosofía del lenguaje y la hermenéutica. There are two historiographic prospects of analytical philosophy: Hempel’s neo-positivism and Gardiner and Danto’s analytical philosophy of history. According to Hempel, the model of historiography should be the same as all scientific knowledge, namely, the nomothetic model of the physical and natural sciences. According to Gardiner and Danto, however, this model must arise from the purpose of historians and language consistent with those purposes. Gardiner and Danto’s conclusions opened the possibility of a new analytical perspective, the historiographic text, prompting the debate toward the philosophy of language and hermeneutics. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene por objeto investigar desde un punto vista histórico filosófico las consecuencias políticas de la separación entre la razón y la fe en el pensamiento de Marsilio de Padua. En él se explora la crisis que produce la aceptación irrestricta de la metafísica de Aristóteles, autor a partir del cual Marsilio realiza su análisis de la civitas, y algunas de sus consecuencias inmediatas en la filosofía política y el orden jurídico social de su tiempo: el uso de la (...) razón pura como instrumento exclusivo de análisis social, la separación de la ley humana de la ley eterna, y la búsqueda y consecución del bien común inmanente por sobre el trascendente, antecedentes que conforman el inicio del llamado liberalismo político. A modo de conclusión, se intentará demostrar que algunos de los postulados básicos que caracterizan el pensamiento liberal político moderno se encuentran virtualmente precontenidos en el pensamiento de este filósofo medieval. This work aims to investigate from a historic and philosophical point of view, the political consequences of the break up between faith and reason in Marsilius of Padua’s thought. It’s explored the crisis generated by the unrestricted acceptance of Aristotle’s metaphysics, from whom Marsilius raises his analysis of the civitas, and some of the immediate consequences in the political philosophy and the legal social order of his time: the use of pure reason as an exclusive instrument of social analysis, the separation of the human law from the eternal law, and the research and attainment of the immanent common good over the transcendent one, a background that builds the so called political liberalism. As a way to conclude, we’ll try to demonstrate that some of the basic premises that distinguish the modern liberal thought are virtually pre-held in Marsilius of Padua’s philosophy. (shrink)

Como se ensina filosofia? Pergunta preciosa que abre precedentes para um longo e árduo caminho. Para isso não há resposta pronta, não está escrito e nem determinado, mas é preciso percorrer todo o caminho, pois a própria pergunta “Pode a filosofia ser ensinada?” já é uma pergunta filosófica e respondê-la significa entrar nos meandros da filosofia e em que consiste uma educação filosófica. A tentativa de responder à questão, deixa outra questão no ar: Existe tal arte de ensinar? Se ela (...) existe, então também existe seu artífice e seu objeto. Como diz Platão em A República, “cada arte foi feita para procurar e fornecer a cada um o que lhe convém por natureza”.. Se tomarmos o mestre como o artífice e o discípulo como objeto deste ensino, devemos ter em mente que a arte de ensinar é conveniente ao discípulo e não ao mestre. O mestre, portanto, é instrumento para que se possa ensinar tal arte ao discípulo. Se a filosofia é uma arte ensinável, então é preciso verificar a existência de tal mestre para ensiná-la. A dialética tem um papel de, através de seus cortes, encontrar a verdade a ser proferida no discurso da alma. O objetivo deste trabalho é refletir sobre o ensino, seu instrumento e seu objeto a partir do pensamento da Antiguidade grega, mais especificamente, da obra de Platão e de suas implicações sobre o ensino de filosofia. Palavras-chave: Platão. Educação filosófica. Dialética. Discurso amoroso. Phármakon. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is analysis the myth in Plato’s work based on the paper of Ludwig Edelstein. In his work, Edelstein presents to us the reason why Plato uses the myth and the function it plays in his philosophy. The author thus contributes to the development of thought on the subject and provides a lever for later studies on the myth in Plato. Finally, we will present a critical conclusion on the subject.

Gyges was the first tyrant reigning in Lydia by the Mermenadae's around the seventh century BC. He was also the first great barbarian whom the Greeks made contact to. His complex character has made the development of several stories about him, and the most famous was the one which tells how he came to power. His glory traveled the Greek world and influenced the lyric poetry of his age. Thereafter, history, philosophy and rhetoric were likely influenced, mostly about his power (...) and wealth. In Plato Gyges appear in Glaucon's narrative in Book II of Republic (359b-360b) which tells the deeds of the one to become the sovereign of Lydia. However, one difficulty on the passage 359d which makes the direct identification of Gyges with the narrative has been mistaken. We aim through this work to present some proposals to the passage mentioned using not only Plato's text, but the lyric and historical sources before him. (shrink)

Gyges was the first tyrant reigning in Lydia by the Mermenadae's around the seventh century BC. He was also the first great barbarian whom the Greeks made contact to. His complex character has made the development of several stories about him, and the most famous was the one which tells how he came to power. His glory traveled the Greek world and influenced the lyric poetry of his age. Thereafter, history, philosophy and rhetoric were likely influenced, mostly about his power (...) and wealth. In Plato Gyges appear in Glaucon's narrative in Book II of Republic (359b-360b) which tells the deeds of the one to become the sovereign of Lydia. However, one difficulty on the passage 359d which makes the direct identification of Gyges with the narrative has been mistaken. We aim through this work to present some proposals to the passage mentioned using not only Plato's text, but the lyric and historical sources before him. (shrink)

The present work aims at studying the myth of Gyges’ ring from Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s work The Reveries of a solitary Walker. Gyges’ ring is a magic artefact, allowing its bearer to be visible or invisible according to his will. The ring’s myth is portraited for the first time in the Second Book of Plato’s Republic. Thusly, our article is divided in two parts: the first one presents an analysis of the Republic observing its challenge of justice and the relation it (...) holds with the art of ruling; the second part presents an investigation of Rousseau’s work to show how he had absorbed the ring’s myth. The main objective of our work is the comparison between Plato’s and Rousseau’s view of Gyges’ ring, and the investigation of the concept of nature as one of the pillars of the social contract theory. As results we present the way Rousseau answers to the challenge of justice from the concept of justice within the soul, whereas no harm could be done to others. In his reflexion on the ring, Rousseau seems to point at the existence of an interior justice according to its “natural inclination”, opposite to any obligation of the positive law among men. Therefore, one needs to observe that Rousseau is defending justice according to the natural rights holding that any contract established among men should be according to nature. This agrees with our thesis of a possible political ontology based on firstly, the concept of a universal justice, and secondly, on the art of ruling according to justice. (shrink)

Na introdução de seu livro Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes elabora uma precisa analogia entre corpos, sendo o Estado um corpo político semelhante ao corpo natural. Para isso, o Estado possuiria uma vida artificial análoga à vida natural que permitiria o seu próprio movimento artificial. Com o surgimento do neoliberalismo no século XX, temos uma intensificação das regras do mercado sobre o poder político, o que levou inevitavelmente a ruptura com o contrato social que garantia direitos para toda população. Aproveitando a pandemia (...) de covid-19, vamos retomar a analogia hobbesiana entre o corpo natural doente e a doença que aflige o corpo político: a sedição. (shrink)

According to Glaucon’s conception of justice, the government is constituted by a contract which determines the legal and the just. From its constitution the ruler may control the subjects’ justice without being subject to the contract himself. To reinforce Thrasymachus’ speech Glaucon will offer Socrates a challenge where the latter has to prove that justice is superior to injustice. Thus, it is Socrates’ task to show this under any counterfactual circumstance, always bringing benefit to the one who acts justly. The (...) difficulty in responding to the challenge proposed by Glaucon is shown by the case in the Republic where the fulfillment of justice seems not to bring benefits, but penalty to the agent. This is precisely the case of the Philosopher Ruler and his coercion to rule. For that one must understand the reason why the philosopher is coerced to rule, not as a matter of choice, but something whose denial is made impossible due to justice. Socrates’ solution to the challenge of justice starts from the definitions of political justice, where each citizen is compelled to do his own duty, and psychic justice, defined as a harmony between the parts of the soul. Our argument shows that the justice within the philosopher’s soul itself is justified by the necessity of fulfilling the justice in Kallipolis, as well as allowing good government. (shrink)

A proposta desse trabalho é apresentar alguns dos dilemas contemporâneos a serem enfrentados dentro do campo da filosofia política. Não mais se concentrando apenas em um conceito de bem e em uma busca por uma sociedade melhor ideal, a filosofia política deve sair de seus pressupostos eurocêntricos para confrontar o problema da alteridade e da multiplicidade existente no mundo multipolar. A geopolítica que se configura nos tempos atuais não comporta mais a ruptura imposta pelo pensamento bipolar ocidental, mas exige o (...) enfrentamento da diferença existente nos novos pressupostos que se impõem. É preciso, portanto, uma reconfiguração de mundo, que deve partir não somente da ação, mas de um pensamento formador capaz de comportar a mudança que nos é imposta. Para concretizar esse trabalho iremos utilizar o pensamento de autores que pensam o problema da alteridade e os novos conceitos de modernidade, como os professores Edward Said e Bruno Latour. (shrink)

Plato’s division of goods performed by Glaucon in the Republic involves three kinds of goods: the first kind would be desirable for their own sake; the second, desirable in themselves and in their consequences, and the third kind, only desirable in their consequences. The problem to understand it is thus presented: in which of these kinds is justice observed, and which one provides happiness to men. According to Socrates, justice should be placed on the second kind of good if men (...) want to be happy. However, it is not in this way that the many hold justice, for they include it in the third kind. Having this difference under perspective, Glaucon defends this point of view, willing afterwards to listen to Socrates’ refutation of his argument and the defence of justice as being a good desirable in themselves and their consequences. The aim of our work is to present an interpretation that can justly adapt to what Glaucon understands as 'in themselves' and as a 'consequence' of the goods in this division. (shrink)