This paper contributes data from Paraguayan Guaraní (Tupí-Guaraní) to the discussion of how temporal reference is determined in tenseless languages. The empirical focus of this study is on finite clauses headed by verbs inflected only for person/number information, which are compatible only with non-future temporal reference in most matrix clause contexts. The paper first explores the possibility of accounting for the temporal reference of such clauses with a phonologically empty non-future tense morpheme, along the lines of Matthewson’s (Linguist (...) Philos 29:673–713, 2006 ) analysis of a similar phenomenon in St’át’imcets (Salish). This analysis is then contrasted with one according to which temporal reference is not constrained by tense in Paraguayan Guaraní, but only by context and temporal adverbials. A comparison of the two analyses, both of which are couched in a dynamic semantic framework, suggests empirical and theoretical advantages of the tenseless analysis over the tensed one. The paper concludes with a discussion of cross-linguistic variation of temporal reference in tensed and tenseless languages. (shrink)

Os guaranis ensinam que o diálogo inter-religioso é possível porque existe sentido, e existe sentido porque existe linguagem humana, e porque existe linguagem humana é possível sonhar, e porque existe o sonho, é possível dialogar no horizonte mais pleno cujos sentidos da humanidade podem celebrar uma festa universal. Palavras-chave: Hermenêutica; Epistemologia; Religião; Guarani; Antropologia; Sentido. ABSTRACT The Guaranis teach us that inter-religions dialogue is possible because meaning exists, and meaning exists because there is human language, and as there is human (...) language it is possible to dream, and dreams allow us to establish a dialogue in a wider horizon, whose maenings of mankind may celebrate a universal festivity. Key words: Hermeneutics; Epistemology; Religion; Guarani ; Anthropology; Meaning. (shrink)

O texto é oriundo de reflexões estabelecidas nos processos educativos dos Guarani Mbya do ES a partir das diferentes experiências dos autores como a docência no curso de Magistério Indígena – Nível Médio, no componente curricular “Conhecimento e Interculturalidade” ministrado na Licenciatura Intercultural Indígena Tupinikim e Guarani, da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo – UFES, em formações no Projeto “Ação Saberes Indígenas na Escola” e em experiências de uma das autoras como professora Guarani. Neste sentido, a proposta está inserida num (...) diálogo colaborativo de professores não indígenas que perpassa a formação inicial e continuada de professores Guarani, com reflexões nativas de uma pós-graduanda em Antropologia Social e professora Guarani. Para tanto, operamos com o referencial teórico pós-colonial e decolonial, a teoria do discurso e reflexões de inspiração pós-estruturalista, tendo como objetivo apresentar as produções curriculares dos Guarani Mbya do ES, suas enunciações corporais no currículo e seus encontros com a escola, suas tensões, desafios e possibilidades. Palavras-chave: Currículo, Enunciação, Guarani Mbya, Corpo. (shrink)

En los territorios pluriétnicos y plurilingüísticos del imperio español, la traducción de las lenguas indígenas al español en contextos legales y burocráticos era común, pero son escasos los estudios del proceso de la traducción y su valor retórico. El Paraguay colonial es un interesante ejemplo, dado el extenso bilingüismo entre muchos españoles criollos y el monolingüismo entre la gran mayoría de los pueblos guaraníes. En este artículo reviso tres tipos de traducción en la región: traducción sin traducción, traducciones sospechosas y (...) una traducción resumida. Cada ejemplo refleja los variados modos de traducción, la política de la traducción, y las formas en que las traducciones pueden complementar un análisis cultural de los guaraníes. Incluyo aquí una traducción original de una carta guaraní del año 1761 del pueblo Nuestra Señora de Fe y un análisis de su traducción resumida. (shrink)

En los territorios pluriétnicos y plurilingüísticos del imperio español, la traducción de las lenguas indígenas al español en contextos legales y burocráticos era común, pero son escasos los estudios del proceso de la traducción y su valor retórico. El Paraguay colonial es un interesante ejemplo, dado el extenso bilingüismo entre muchos españoles criollos y el monolingüismo entre la gran mayoría de los pueblos guaraníes. En este artículo reviso tres tipos de traducción en la región: traducción sin traducción, traducciones sospechosas y (...) una traducción resumida. Cada ejemplo refleja los variados modos de traducción, la política de la traducción, y las formas en que las traducciones pueden complementar un análisis cultural de los guaraníes. Incluyo aquí una traducción original de una carta guaraní del año 1761 del pueblo Nuestra Señora de Fe y un análisis de su traducción resumida. (shrink)

This article argues that Durkheim's theory of suicide is deficient because of its monocausal reasoning, its conception of suicide as an action without subjects, and its characterization of preliterate societies as harmonious, self-contained, and morphologically static. It shows that these deficiencies can be overcome by including cultural and social-psychological considerations in the analysis of suicide-specifically by including culture as a causal force in its own right and drawing links between social circumstances, cultural beliefs and values, and individual dispositions. The authors (...) make their case by analyzing ethnographic and quantitative data on the preliterate Guarani-Kaiowá of southwestern Brazil, one of the most suicide-prone groups in the world. (shrink)

Through the ethnographic record of the subsistence activities partially or completely performed in the domestic sphere in two Mbyá-Guaraní settlements in Misiones, we outline factors important in describing the local natural environment. Data was collected through systematic observation and also through semi-structured interviews. Analysis indicates that the natural environment of the area is characterized by the indigenous community in several different ways. Thus, local people view the environment as made up of different “micro-environments,” and they consequently think of the (...) elements that compose these “micro-environments” as having different, distinct characteristics. In the context of their daily activities, both these “micro-environments” and the elements that compose them are regarded as resources, in that they are viewed in terms of what is in them relevant to the subsistence of these groups in the rainforest. It is the intention of this study to initiate the systematic recording and processing of information on how these indigenous communities know and manage the natural resources available to them in their daily life. (shrink)

Paraguayan Guarani does not overtly mark tense in its inflectional system. Prior accounts of languages without obligatory morphological tense have posited a phonologically covert lexical tense, or have introduced tense semantics via a rule, in the post-syntactic interpretative component. We offer a more radical approach: Paraguayan Guarani does not have tense at the level of lexical or logical semantics. We propose that evaluation time shift, a mechanism independently attested in the narrative present in languages with tense, is more widely used (...) in Paraguayan Guarani for encoding temporal meaning. The broader consequence of our proposal is that tense is not a linguistic universal. (shrink)

This paper presents the preliminary results from my research focused on beliefs and practices related to the life cycle and certain health-illness processes related to their different stages, in two Mbya communities in the province of Misiones, in the Argentinian northeast. We have centered our research on parasite illnesses and the groups' numerous beliefs and experiences around their origin, diagnosis, prevention and therapeutics.We used observations and interviews to characterize the diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies performed by different individuals as well (...) as recognize and define risk situations related with parasite infestation and transmission in the context of their domestic activities.Our investigation showed that certain forms of child care, in particular those related to respecting food prescriptions and taboos are meant to protect children from possible risk situations. (shrink)

This article deals with the justification of water-related conflicts by analyzing a hypothetical war for Guarani Aquifer resources. In disagreement, a theoretical framework would be needed to justify war. First, Walzer’s version of Just War Theory (JWT) is presented as the most consolidated reference. Then, Waddington’s criticism of JWT is discussed when it comes to hydric resources, delineating the particularities of a natural resource and establishing that the “moral weight of water scarcity” should be considered. Following this, the hypothetical conflict (...) among countries is introduced. Finally, pragmatism is advocated for justification of conflicts involving water. (shrink)

Le point de départ de cet article est la thèse développée en 1991 par Isabelle Combès et Thierry Saignes sur la naissance de l’ethnie et l’identité chiriguano, « essentiellement » métisses. Le rapport au métissage des Chiriguano et Chané semble paradoxal. Bien qu’ils soient considérés comme un exemple paradigmatique de métissage amérindien, certains points de vue contemporains condamnent l’ethnie à la disparition en raison, précisément, du métissage avec les Blancs. Les Chiriguano et Chané, quant à eux, rejettent aujourd’hui toute idée (...) de mélange, se proclamant seulement « Guaraní ». À partir d’une double étude de cas (l’Isoso bolivien et le nord-ouest argentin), on relativise d’abord le postulat de la complète absorption des Chané dans l’ensemble chiriguano ; on analyse ensuite les différents types de métissage existants, et leur relation dans un schéma asymétrique que crée une véritable échelle de valeurs entre différentes ethnies. On suggère finalement que l’ambivalence idéologique qui entoure le métissage découle précisément du fait qu’il s’agit d’une construction elle-même métisse, produit de la fusion entre les idéologies chané et guaraní. (shrink)

The empirical phenomenon at the center of this paper is projection, which we define (uncontroversially) as follows: (1) Definition of projection An implication projects if and only if it survives as an utterance implication when the expression that triggers the implication occurs under the syntactic scope of an entailment-cancelling operator. Projection is observed, for example, with utterances containing aspectual verbs like stop, as shown in (2) and (3) with examples from English and Paraguayan Guaraní (Paraguay, Tupí-Guaraní).1 The (...) class='Hi'>Guaraní example in (2) and its English translation have at least the following implications: (i) Carla has previously smoked, and (ii) Carla stopped smoking. The first but not the second of these implications is also conveyed by the question version of sentence (2), as in (3a), or when (2) is embedded under entailment-cancelling sentential operators, such as negation, as in (3b), the antecedent of a conditional, as in (3c), or an epistemic modal, as in (3d). Hence, by the definition in (14), the first but not the second implication of (2) projects. (shrink)