This paper examines the representation of political issues in the fild of civil protection as vital for society and the state, i.e. their politicization and securitization, conducted by Ukrainian political actors last years in the conditions of security crisis. Last two years Ukraine has being faced unprecedented security challenges to protect its territorial integrity and sovereignty that determine tasks for security and defense sector. Although military component is of high importance but diplomatic, economic and information components play role to eliminate (...) security threats. In order to mobilize resources and justify emergency measures those to be taken in crisis situation, political leadership of the State should represent certain security threat as most critical or even existential threat. This process was in a focus of Copenhagen Peace Research Institute in 1980s and 1990s, while B.Buzan and O.Weaver introduced term “securitization” to describe this political process. Although there are many threats for national security, a few could be securitized and others could be politicized, i.e. discussed in the public debates and realized as signifiant but not existential. Securitization belongs to constructivist branch of security studies that may be characterized as applied researches. Despite rising interest of securitization studies in Ukraine, there is lack of applied researches to describe particular components of national security. We focused on securitization and politicization of civil protection issues in contemporary security environment in Ukraine. The issues of ensuring public health and safety as well as protection of environment against man-made and natural disasters were repeatedly included into agenda of discussions at the highest Ukrainian political level since independence. However, it can be argued that these threats were neither expressed by the Ukrainian political leadership nor perceived by the public as existential threat, and therefore there was no process of securitization. The main aim of securitization is not to demonize a particular threat, but to mobilize countering this threat. Moreover, the implementation of securitization may provide opportunities for the state to apply emergency measures in a particular fild of governance. These emergency measures include the revision and redistribution of responsibilities under emergency situations. However, this revision is hard to be conducted, and despite necessity of more pragmatic requirements for business and society politicians both government and opposition trend to make populist decisions that was shown in the case of Chernobyl accident consequences overcoming. Civil protection issues in Ukraine were politicized by President, Government, political parties, certain politicians, NGOs and activists. It was done mainly in a form of offiial documents, but also by the process of emergency situation declaration, and political leadership speeches. Since January 2015 Ukrainian government established the State Commission on technogenic and ecological safety and emergencies that was actively used to resolve several urgent problems regarding civil protection. We also should stress that Ukrainian President on his speech on the UN General Assembly underlined that military action against Ukraine increased environmental and epidemiological threats in the Eastern Ukraine, and he suggested that the UN should make efforts to address environmental issues in the areas of military conflcts. Thus Ukrainian President politicized civil protection issues on the international level. (shrink)

The paper explicates the stages of the author’s philosophical evolution in the light of Kopnin’s ideas and heritage. Starting from Kopnin’s understanding of dialectical materialism, the author has stated that category transformations of physics has opened from conceptualization of immutability to mutability and then to interaction, evolvement and emergence. He has connected the problem of physical cognition universals with an elaboration of the specific system of tools and methods of identifying, individuating and distinguishing objects from a scientific theory domain. The (...) role of vacuum conception and the idea of existence (actual and potential, observable and nonobservable, virtual and hidden) types were analyzed. In collaboration with S.Crymski heuristic and regulative functions of categories of substance, world as a whole as well as postulates of relativity and absoluteness, and anthropic and self-development principles were singled out. Elaborating Kopnin’s view of scientific theories as a practically effective and relatively true mapping of their domains, the author in collaboration with M. Burgin have originated the unified structure-nominative reconstruction (model) of scientific theory as a knowledge system. According to it, every scientific knowledge system includes hierarchically organized and complex subsystems that partially and separately have been studied by standard, structuralist, operationalist, problem-solving, axiological and other directions of the current philosophy of science. 1) The logico-linguistic subsystem represents and normalizes by means of different, including mathematical, languages and normalizes and logical calculi the knowledge available on objects under study. 2) The model-representing subsystem comprises peculiar to the knowledge system ways of their modeling and understanding. 3) The pragmatic-procedural subsystem contains general and unique to the knowledge system operations, methods, procedures, algorithms and programs. 4) From the viewpoint of the problem-heuristic subsystem, the knowledge system is a unique way of setting and resolving questions, problems, puzzles and tasks of cognition of objects into question. It also includes various heuristics and estimations (truth, consistency, beauty, efficacy, adequacy, heuristicity etc) of components and structures of the knowledge system. 5) The subsystem of links fixes interrelations between above-mentioned components, structures and subsystems of the knowledge system. The structure-nominative reconstruction has been used in the philosophical and comparative case-studies of mathematical, physical, economic, legal, political, pedagogical, social, and sociological theories. It has enlarged the collection of knowledge structures, connected, for instance, with a multitude of theoreticity levels and with an application of numerous mathematical languages. It has deepened the comprehension of relations between the main directions of current philosophy of science. They are interpreted as dealing mainly with isolated subsystems of scientific theory. This reconstruction has disclosed a variety of undetected knowledge structures, associated also, for instance, with principles of symmetry and supersymmetry and with laws of various levels and degrees. In cooperation with the physicist Olexander Gabovich the modified structure-nominative reconstruction is in the processes of development and justification. Ideas and concepts were also in the center of Kopnin’s cognitive activity. The author has suggested and elaborated the triplet model of concepts. According to it, any scientific concept is a dependent on cognitive situation, dynamical, multifunctional state of scientist’s thinking, and available knowledge system. A concept is modeled as being consisted from three interrelated structures. 1) The concept base characterizes objects falling under a concept as well as their properties and relations. In terms of volume and content the logical modeling reveals partially only the concept base. 2) The concept representing part includes structures and means (names, statements, abstract properties, quantitative values of object properties and relations, mathematical equations and their systems, theoretical models etc.) of object representation in the appropriate knowledge system. 3) The linkage unites a structures and procedures that connect components from the abovementioned structures. The partial cases of the triplet model are logical, information, two-tired, standard, exemplar, prototype, knowledge-dependent and other concept models. It has introduced the triplet classification that comprises several hundreds of concept types. Different kinds of fuzziness are distinguished. Even the most precise and exact concepts are fuzzy in some triplet aspect. The notions of relations between real scientific concepts are essentially extended. For example, the definition and strict analysis of such relations between concepts as formalization, quantification, mathematization, generalization, fuzzification, and various kinds of identity are proposed. The concepts «PLANET» and «ELEMENTARY PARTICLE» and some of their metamorphoses were analyzed in triplet terms. The Kopnin’s methodology and epistemology of cognition was being used for creating conception of the philosophy of law as elaborating of understanding, justification, estimating and criticizing legal system. The basic information on the major directions in current Western philosophy of law (legal realism, feminism, criticism, postmodernism, economical analysis of law etc.) is firstly introduced to the Ukrainian audience. The classification of more than fifty directions in modern legal philosophy is suggested. Some results of historical, linguistic, scientometric and philosophic-legal studies of the present state of Ukrainian academic science are given. (shrink)

Аналізується позиція антиглобалістів стосовно позитивного чи негативного значення глобалізаційних процесів для людини, її життєвого середовища; головна думка антиглобалістів полягає в тому, що глобалізація у існуючому вигляді звужує життєвих простір менш успішних країн за рахунок яких забезпечується процвітання так званого «золотого міліарду»; автор підкреслює, що антиглобалісти постійно акцентують увагу світової спільноти на небезпеці культурної уніфікації, «американізації» й вестернізації, що проявляється сьогодні як утвердження загальних культурних універсалій − системи цінностей західноєвропейської культури, яка активно упроваджується за допомогою ЗМІ. Для антиглобалістів більш природніми є (...) ідеї культурної толерантності й мультикультуралізму як особливої практики і політики безконфліктного співіснування в одному життєвому просторі безлічі різнорідних культурних груп; полемізуючи з антиглобалістами, автор підкреслює, що кожна країна визначає власну стратегію та тактику модернізації, але найголовнішою її метою є створення механізмів самовдосконалення й самовідтворення суспільства як цілісної системи, яка є конкурентною у забезпеченні життєвого простору людини у глобальних процесах сучасності. (shrink)