Libertarian paternalism is a concept derived from cognitive psychology and behavioural science. It is behind policies that frame information in such a way as to encourage individuals to make choices which are in their best interests, while maintaining their freedom of choice. Clinicians may view their clinical consultations as far removed from the realms of cognitive psychology but on closer examination there are a number of striking similarities.

The purpose of this essay is to reflect on the Carolingian age and on the assumptions that have governed the study of this important segment of the early Middle Ages. I am concerned with two issues: what happened during the Carolingian period, and where the period should be located in the larger historical context. That is to say, the discussion is both historical and historiographical. It is intended not only for Carolingian specialists, but also for others who have reason to (...) consider the origins and development of medieval history. (shrink)