Le sujet selon Foucault est configuré suivant plusieurs pratiques discursives et non discursives et englouti dans des relations de savoir/pouvoir.

The feasibility constraint on the concept of justice roughly states that a necessary condition for something to qualify as a conception of justice is that it is possible to achieve and maintain given the conditions of the human world. In this paper, I propose three alternative interpretations of this constraint that could be derived from different understandings of the Kantian formula ‘ought implies can’: the ability constraint, the motivational constraint and the institutional constraint. I argue that the three constraints constitute (...) a sequence in the sense that accepting the motivational constraint presupposes that we accept the ability constraint, and to accept the institutional constraint presupposes that we accept both previous constraints. Adding the possibility of rejecting all three constraints, we get four distinct metatheoretical positions that theorists could take vis-à-vis the feasibility constraint on justice. (shrink)

Neurons have developed elaborate mechanisms for sorting of proteins to their destination in dendrites and axons as well as dynamic local trafficking. Recent evidence suggests that polarized axonal sorting of β‐site converting enzyme 1 (BACE1), a type I transmembrane aspartyl protease involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, entails an unusual journey. In hippocampal neurons, BACE1 internalized from dendrites is conveyed in recycling endosomes via unidirectional retrograde transport towards the soma and sorted to axons where BACE1 becomes enriched. In comparison to (...) other transmembrane proteins that undergo transcytosis or elimination in somatodendritic compartment, vectorial transport of internalized BACE1 in dendrites is unique and intriguing. Dysfunction of protein transport contributes to pathogenesis of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, characterization of BACE1 transcytosis is an important addition to the multiple lines of evidence that highlight the crucial role played by endosomal trafficking pathway as well as axonal sorting mechanisms in AD pathogenesis. (shrink)

Does the failure of others to comply with collective duties create duties for us to step in and do their share? Defenders of the so-called duty to take up the slack answer this question in the positive. Against their view, defenders of fair shares argue that we only have a duty to contribute our fair share to discharging the collective duty. This paper offers a partial vindication of Liam Murphy’s account of fair shares. I argue that three common objections to (...) fair shares fail to rebut Murphy’s account. On the reading I propose, fair shares may ground as – or more – extensive duties towards third parties as the duty to take up the slack. In addition, fair shares provides something that defenses of slack-taking tend to omit – an account of the limits of our nonideal duties. The paper highlights previously overlooked aspects of Murphy’s account and paves the way for future discussions about slack-taking in the domain of global politics. (shrink)

This paper examines the various ways in which nonideal theory responds to noncompliance with ideal principles of justice. Taking Rawls’ definition of nonideal theory as my point of departure, I propose an understanding of this concept as comprising two subparts: Complementary nonideal theory responds to deliberate and avoidable noncompliance and consists mainly of theories of civil disobedience, rebellion, and retribution. Substitutive nonideal theory responds to nondeliberate and unavoidable noncompliance and consists mainly of theories of transition and caretaking. I further argue (...) that a special case of substitutive nonideal theory may arise when noncompliance is a result of a lack of motivation among citizens. This situation, I suggest, calls for nonideal theorizing when our aim is to evaluate the political actions undertaken by specific members of a society whose set of feasible options is constrained as a result of others’ lack of motivation and when a situation of mutually reinforcing distrust and noncooperation—sometimes called a “social trap”—constrains the feasible option set of the entire population. The main advantage of the twofold conceptualization of nonideal theory is that it bridges the theoretical gap between actor-oriented and situation-based accounts of justice: It allows us to preserve the term ideal justice for justice under minimal feasibility constraints, while recognizing that a situation where all agents comply with their duties must in some sense be characterized as just. (shrink)

This paper contributes to recent discussions on ideal anarchism vs. ideal statism. I argue, contra ideal anarchists, that coercive state institutions would be justified even in a society populated by morally perfect individuals. My defense of ideal statism is novel in that it highlights the moral benefits of state coercion. Rather than the practical effects on individual compliance or the distributive outcomes that follow therefrom, coercive state institutions are justified through the moral benefits they provide. The state is morally beneficial (...) because it a) lessens the demands on the will that fall on agents under ideal anarchism, and b) counters the structural domination that follows from differences in natural endowments. By shifting the focus of the debate from feasibility to desirability, the paper exposes the flaws of ideal anarchism and provides new insights into the moral value of the state. (shrink)

This article clarifies the disagreement concerning ideal theory’s action-guiding capacity through the unpacking of two underlying disagreements. The first concerns the threshold for action-guidance on the scales of empirical and normative determinacy; I argue that the dispute between critics and proponents of ideal theory is not about whether ideal principles offer some specific information, but about which information should count as action-guiding. The second concerns the task of normative principles; I argue that the different weight critics and proponents attribute to (...) the risks associated with ideal theory may reflect diverging views on whether principles primarily generate or explain normative judgments. (shrink)

Business Ethics, the Environment &Responsibility, Volume 33, Issue 3, Page 486-504, July 2024.

The growth of the Semantic Web resulted in the emergence of various kinds of artificial agents navigating the web, sharing resources and communicating among each other in a more and more sophisticated fashion. No one denies the relevance of research concerning the establishment of architectures and models for representing and enabling interaction and communication among agents. In another domain, ontologies have been consecrated as an essential tool to structure information in order to facilitate shareability and re-usability of knowledge resources like (...) the ones found on the Web. It is therefore no surprise that the management of ontologies by interacting and communicating agents is a hot topic for the whole Semantic Web community. In addition, the ontological foundations of agent interaction still remain a very active research area. The present issue of Applied Ontology on Formal Ontologies for Communicating Agents follows a workshop organized in July/August 2006 in the scope of the 11th European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information. After the workshop we issued an open call for contributions that allowed us to select a focused range of works addressing the research topics raised in the original workshop call. We would like to thank Nicola Guarino and Laure Vieu for their help in the organization process, as well as all the reviewers and authors, all workshop participants and other people who contributed in various ways to the success of the workshop and of this issue of Applied Ontology. (shrink)

Dans les débats contemporains sur la justice, la vulnérabilité est porteuse d’un puissant contenu normatif et pratique. Elle offre des descriptions riches des expériences humaines prenant en considération des relations complexes et ambivalentes qui sont tues sous la seule norme de l’individualisme libéral. Il ne s’agit pas de rejeter l’importance d’une vie autonome, mais de repenser les cadres normatifs qui lui donnent un sens et de revoir les moyens de l’atteindre. La vulnérabilité, bien qu’elle se manifeste comme un idéal normatif (...) fort, révélateur de changements conceptuels et pratiques, n’est toutefois pas un concept univoque. Les chapitres qui composent cet ouvrage illustrent la diversité des significations et des contextes de vie auxquels renvoie la vulnérabilité. Faut-il s’en surprendre? Non, si l’on prend en compte que son usage comme idée phare de la théorie politique est encore récent, et qu’à ce titre sa signification et sa pratique sont encore l’objet de débats. (shrink)

Résumé À travers les questions « Qu’est-ce que l’individu du point de vue de la domination? », « Qu’est-ce que l’individu du point de vue de la résistance, de la lutte et de la subversion? », nous analyserons le rapport entre le groupe militant Women on Waves et certaines pratiques artistiques contemporaines. Cette association, par un brouillage nécessaire et efficace des frontières et des limites d’actions autant territoriales que politiques, sociales, juridiques ou encore artistiques, nous semble poser aujourd’hui frontalement au (...) champ de l’art contemporain la question de l’engagement et surtout la possibilité d’une action éthique forte. Le principe même des Women on Waves repose sur l’idée que la responsabilité justifie la désobéissance ; nous verrons dans quelle mesure cette désobéissance civile parvient à nouer des relations singulières entre action artistique et groupe associatif. (shrink)

This paper aims at unfolding political conspiracies that help to manipulate political reality in Pakistan. It significantly builds on the empirical data to show how language and social semeiotics are used to coin catchy slogans to serve the politicians. Political narratives remained a field of utmost interest to the discourse analysts since they offer a rich data for a significant use of persuasively manipulative language, and they signify one of the most implicit ways in which socio-political dogmas are disseminated so (...) they are to be carefully crafted to help model linguistic choices. Based on Discourse Historical Approach the present study highlights that the identifiable linguistic patterns perform a greater role in shaping political reality, and those are influenced by the sociopolitical and historical perspectives of the society concerned. The data comprises slogans from different registered political parties in Pakistan such as Pakistan People’s Party, Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz and Pakistan Tehreke’ Insaf. The study has found that the political parties in Pakistan use to craft new slogans to manipulate reality to legitimise political environment in their favour and in doing so, they use different semiotic resources including entities, socio-cultural circumstances and verbal exchanges. (shrink)

Is it possible, and in the first place is it even desirable, to define what "development" means and to determine the scope of the field called "developmental biology"? Though these questions appeared crucial for the founders of "developmental biology" in the 1950s, there seems to be no consensus today about the need to address them. Here, in a combined biological, philosophical, and historical approach, we ask whether it is possible and useful to define biological development, and, if such a definition (...) is indeed possible and useful, which definition can be considered as the most satisfactory. (shrink)

As international trade and business opportunities grow globally, insight into trading partners’ strategies is essential. One of the major strategies that impact trading partners’ relationships is negotiation strategy employed by each partner. These strategies assume even greater importance when these strategies have ethical content. This study examines the effects of marketing executives’ preferred ethical ideologies, opportunism and Machiavellianism on their perceived appropriateness of unethical negotiation tactics. Utilizing a sample of 995 marketing executives from six countries, cluster analysis and multivariate analysis (...) of variance revealed two types of marketing negotiators: principled and corrupt negotiators. Corrupt negotiators tend to be more Machiavellian, more relativist, more opportunistic and less idealistic than their principled counterparts. Principled negotiators tend to perceive unethical negotiation tactics less favorably than their corrupt counterparts. Implications of these results for practitioners and directions for future research are discussed. (shrink)

The present article deals with an observer design for nonlinear vehicle lateral dynamics. The contributions of the article concern the nonconsideration of any force model and the consideration that the longitudinal velocity is time varying, which is more realistic than the assumption that it is constant. The vehicle model is then represented by an exact Takagi–Sugeno model via the sector nonlinearity transformation. A proportional multiple integral observer based on the TS model is designed to estimate simultaneously the state vector and (...) the unknown input. The convergence conditions of the estimation error are expressed under LMI formulation using the Lyapunov theory, which guaranties a bounded error. Simulations are carried out for comparison between the conventional PI observer, the enhanced PI observer, and the PMI observer. Finally, experimental results are provided to illustrate the performances of the proposed PMI observer. (shrink)

The disability viewpoint is the fundamental for understanding social justice in a given population. Disability rights need to be obeyed in the inclusive preparedness and response to all the disasters or during the crisis period including COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 pandemic jeopardized the health and rehabilitation services globally. The impact is much more in low resource developing countries like Bangladesh. In general, people with disability (PWD) suffer from multiple medical and rehabilitation complications and they need frequent rehabilitation consultations or hospital admissions (...) in comparison to people without disability. As a developing country, Bangladesh has poor ratios of doctors, nurses and technologists of 1:0.4:0.24 (WHO: 1:3:5) to face the COVID-19 challenge. Rehabilitation services have been disrupted in almost two-thirds (63%) of countries of the world. Even though rehabilitation is the key to recovery following severe illness from COVID-19. There are many concerns and debates about the preparedness, response and mitigation the process of COVID-19 on the part of the national government. According to recent study reports, the lives of about 100% of PWD have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 National Technical Advisory Committee is working for strategic planning, response and mitigation process but omission of a representative of PWD or a rehabilitation physician in the committee has created much dissatisfaction. The difficult COVID-19 testing process due to country wide shutdown of rehabilitation essential services and central pulling of rehabilitation physicians have side lined the PWD inclusiveness. It is expected that the rehabilitation preparedness, response and mitigation of the pandemic should be based on an ethics driven process. (shrink)

Müslüman bilim adamları, namaz vakitlerinin hesaplanması, kıble yönünün tespit edilmesi gibi nedenlerden dolayı astronomi ilmi ile İslam’ın erken dönemlerinden itibaren ilgilenmeye başlamışlardır. Bu bilim dalıyla yakından ilişkili olduğu düşünülen İlm-i aḥkâm-ı nücûm’un, astronominin bir parçası olduğu iddia edenler de olmuştur. Ancak, içindeki “ahkâm” ifadesi nedeniyle birçok ilim adamı bilimler tasnifinde, İlm-i aḥkâm-ı nücûm’u, astronomiden ayrı tutmuş onu doğal ilimlerden saymamışlardır. Birçok İslam Devleti’nin yöneticisine çeşitli ahkâm risaleleri sunulsa da müneccimbaşılık bağımsız bir kurum olarak Osmanlı Devleti zamanında, II. Bayezid döneminde teşkilatlanmıştır. (...) Bu dönemde müneccimbaşı, ikinci müneccim ve müneccimlerden oluşan bir heyet oluşturulmuş, zaman zaman birtakım değişikliklere uğrasa da kurum varlığını Cumhuriyet’e kadar devam ettirmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı Osmanlı Devleti’nin bir kurumu olan Müneccimbaşılık kurumu hakkında bilgi vermek ve 1712 yılında yayımlanmış bir ahkam risalesinden yola çıkarak bu tür risalelerde hangi konuların ele alındığını ortaya koymaktır. Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Osmanlı Arşivinde tespit edilen belgeler ışığında bu çalışma yapılmıştır. Yöntem olarak Arşiv ve literatür taraması yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Makalenin cevap aradığı soruların başında Kur’an-ı Kerim ve Hadislerde gaybın bilgisinin yalnız Allah’ta olduğu vurgulanmasına rağmen Osmanlı devletinde bu kurumun varlığını nasıl devam ettirdiği ve bu ilimle uğraşanların bu eleştirilere nasıl cevap verdiği, ahkamlarda hangi konulara değinildiği? Gibi konular gelmektedir. Makalede ulaşılan bazı bulgular şunlardır: Bu kurumun temel görevi namaz vakitlerinin belirlenmesi, ramazan hilalinin gözlemlenmesi, eşref saatinin tespit edilmesidir. Bununla birlikte bir yıl içerisinde meydana gelecek olan olayların bilgisine de ahkâm kısmında yer verilmektedir. Bazı padişahlar yapacakları işleri müneccimbaşının bilgi notları doğrultusunda gerçekleştirmeyi önemsemişler, hatta farklı coğrafyalardaki yöneticilerden müneccim talebinde bulunmuşlar, bazıları ise önemsememişlerdir. Bu ilimle uğraşanlar genellikle usta çırak ilişkisi içerisinde yetişmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte farklı meslek gruplarına mensup olanlardan da bu ilme heves edenler ortaya çıkmış, kendilerinin görevleri olmadıkları halde ahkâmlar hazırlamışlar ve bu ahkâmları padişahlara sunmuşlardır. Bunlardan biri de Vakanüvis Naîmâ Efendi’dir. İlk resmi Osmanlı Vakanuvisi olan Naîmâ 17. yüzyılın sonları 18. yüzyılın başlarında değişik idari görevlerde bulunmuştur. İki defa görevinden azledilmiş dönemi araştıran tarihçiler tarafından buna gerekçe olarak Naîmâ’nın düzenlemiş olduğu ahkamlar gösterilmiştir. Naîmâ bu ahkamlarda kendince tespit edebildiği olumsuzlukları açık bir şekilde kamuoyu ile paylaşmıştır. Bu da dönemin idarecilerinin düşmanlığını kazanmasına neden olmuştur. Ancak Naîmâ ahkam yazmaya devam etmiş, yüksek bürokrasiye dönebilmek için 1712 yılı için hazırladığı ahkamında siyasi bir dil kullanmıştır. Ona göre bu bir ilimdir ve bu ilimle uğraşmak İslam’a aykırı bir durum değildir. Verdiği bilgiler ise iddiadan uzaktır. Mesela padişahın yaşamını sıhhatli bir şekilde uzun süre devam ettireceğini, 1712 yılı için bir iki çocuk sahibi olabileceğini, gezegenlerin konumlarından deprem ve yangın emaresi olduğunu, ancak bu yangın ve depremlerin gerçekleşme ihtimalinin düşük olduğunu risalesinde belirtmiştir. Devletin eski gücüne kavuşması için yapılması gerekenlere de değinilmiştir. Üzerinde durduğu önemli konulardan biri donanmadır. Donanmanın güçlendirilmesi için sicili temiz, görev bilincine sahip yetenekli denizcilerin istihdam edilmesini, korsanlık yaparak, halkın malını, canını tehdit edenlerin ise yakalanıp cezalandırmasını önermiştir. Devlet bürokrasisinde liyakatli kişilere görev verilmesinin önemi üzerinde durmuş, bununla birlikte kendisine üst düzey bir görev verilmesini de istemiştir. Ona öre eski ihtişamlı günlere tekrar kavuşmak için taşraya atanan bürokratların işin ehli olanlar arasından seçilmesi gelmektedir. Yine istikrarı sağlamak ve devam ettirebilmek için teftiş önemlidir. Denetim mekanizması çalıştırılmalı yetersizlik gösterenler yolsuzluk yapanlar halka zulmedenler derhal görevden alınmalıdır. Devletin halk içerisinde güveni yeniden tesis etmesi için asayiş olanlara karışanları cezalandırmasını, cezasını çekip ıslah olmuşlara da af çıkarmasını tavsiye etmiştir. Devletin gerilemesindeki iç nedenler üzerinde durmuş ancak dış nedenler üzerinde durmamıştır. Bununla birlikte pozitif bilimlere önem verilmesine değinmiştir. Osmanlının sürekli mücadele içerisinde olduğu Batı’nın hızlı bir şekilde ilerlemesi üzerinde yani her ne kadar gerilemenin dış sebepleri üzerinde durmuş olmasa da pozitif bilimlere önem verilmesi üzerinde durmuştur. (shrink)

Excerpt from Vie de Pierre Gassendi: Prévôt de l'Eglise de Digne Et Professeur de Mathématiques au Collège Royal Avertissement. Que de lui que j'ai tiré les cir conflancoe de fa difpute de fa réconciliation avec ce grand Philofophe. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst (...) repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)