Self-Causation and Unity in Stoicism

According to the Stoics, ordinary unified bodies—animals, plants, and inanimate natural bodies—each have a single cause of unity and being: pneuma. Pneuma itself has no distinct cause of unity; on the contrary, it acts as a cause of unity and being for itself. In this paper, I show how pneuma is supposed to be able to unify itself and other bodies in virtue of its characteristic tensile motion. Thus, we will see how the Stoics could have hoped to account for corporeal unity by positing another body apparently itself in need of unification.