Nos séculos XII e XIII surgiram as sumas teológicas, nas quais distingue-se uma forma literária externa, com a ordenação da matéria e o desenvolvimento do discurso, e, de outro, a forma interna, como uma ideia sistematizadora. Os autores analisam as obras da época para descobrir nelas aspectos comuns e diferenças.

The theologians of first scholastic generation (12th century) gave an allegorical interpretation to the passages of woman as found in Genesis (ch. 2 and 3) and I Corinthians (ch. 11 and 14). The source for such an interpretation was the psychological binary of Philo as reflected in the works of Origen, St. Ambrose and St. Augustine: vir symbolizes ratio speculativa and mulier, ratio practica, or cogitativa, or the sensual appetite. Furthermore, each individual man or woman possesses his or her own (...) vir-mulier binary. The silence of women in church as well as the use of the veil refer to mulier (not woman), that is, the practical reason, cogitativa, or the sensuality. (shrink)

Fr. Tomás de Mercado, O.P., and Fr. Bartolomé Frías de Albornoz, Spanish economists of the era of Philip II (later half of 16th century) proposed monetary theories, they were the real pioneers in what has become some of the most outstanding modern monetary theories. Mercado suggested some ideas on "welfare economy". Frías put forward the "quantity ecuation", formulated by the "classical economists", two centuries later.