Vous adorez les destinations touristiques de masse? Vous rêvez d'habiter un lotissement pavillonnaire? Les grandes surfaces? Non? C'est normal. Après plusieurs décennies d'uniformisation des paysages et de standardisation de l'imaginaire, l'heure est aux expériences authentiques. Chacun d'entre nous aspire à rencontrer de "vraies personnes", à s'installer dans un quartier qui a une "âme", à voyager "hors des sentiers battus"... Mais alors qu'Airbnb, Instagram, les restaurants à la mode et le marketing de la ville cool s'imposent sur le marché du vrai (...) et industrialisent notre aspiration à vivre des expériences "uniques", comment faire la part des choses entre la promesse d'un nouveau monde - où tout serait authentique - et le spectre d'un nouvel âge du fake? Ce livre tente de répondre au malaise qui touche des générations entières, tiraillées entre l'appel de la modernité et cette course effrénée à l'authenticité. Il aborde la question sous un jour libérateur et décomplexé : et si une identité parodique, ironique et instagrammable était préférable à pas d'identité du tout? (shrink)

In the Canadian forensic psychiatric context, the concepts of risk and dangerousness interact, intersect, and morph into the notion of significant threat to the safety of the public. Stemming from the results of a critical ethnography of the Ontario Review Board, this article unpacks the central role of forensic psychiatric nursing, as an example of a 'psych' discipline (e.g., psychiatry and psychology), in a system that is built to produce risky persons and to legitimize their detention and supervision. By using (...) excerpt of interviews conducted with nurses, ethnographic observations of Review Board hearings, and other documentary artifacts, the findings illustrate how rationalizations of risk and dangerousness are contingent on space, time, and observer. Depending on the time of the assessment or on the health‐care professional who performs it, different elements including, but not limited to, mental illness, interpersonal relationships, financial instability, and sexual vulnerability, are relied upon in very fluid, interchangeable, and discretionary ways to justify findings of dangerousness. Such a dynamic expands the reach of psychiatry's legitimacy at identifying risky conduct and controlling risky persons to domains very loosely associated with the notion of dangerousness. The work of Foucault and Castel provides the theoretical backdrop on which rests the discussion and the implications for nursing. (shrink)

With a meta-analysis of 85 studies and 190 experiments, the authors test the relationship between socially responsible investing and financial performance to determine whether including corporate social responsibility and ethical concerns in portfolio management is more profitable than conventional investment policies. The study also analyses the influence of researcher methodologies with respect to several dimensions of SRI on the effects identified. The results indicate that the consideration of corporate social responsibility in stock market portfolios is neither a weakness nor a (...) strength compared with conventional investments; the heterogeneous results in prior studies largely reflect the SRI dimensions under study. (shrink)

The ambition and proposal for data modeling of myths presented in this paper is to link contemporary technical affordances to some canonical projects developed in structural anthropology. To articulate the theoretical promise and innovation of this proposal, we present a discrete-event system specification modeling and simulation approach in order to perform a generative analysis and a dynamic visualization of selected narratives, aimed at validating and revitalizing the transformational and morphodynamic theory and methodology proposed by Claude Lévi-Strauss in his structural analysis (...) of myth. After an analysis of Lévi-Strauss’s transformational methodology, we describe in detail how discrete-event system specification models are implemented and developed in the framework of a DEVSimPy software environment. The validation of the method involves a discrete-event system specification simulation based on the extension of discrete-event system specification models dedicated to provide a dynamic Google Earth visualization of the selected myth. Future work around the discrete-event system specification formalism in anthropology is described as well as future applications regarding the impact of computational models to new contemporary anthropological domains. (shrink)

Linear logic, introduced in 1986 by J.-Y. Girard, is based upon a fine grain analysis of the main proof-theoretical notions of logic. The subject develops along the lines of denotational semantics, proof nets and the geometry of interaction. Its basic dynamical nature has attracted computer scientists, and various promising connections have been made in the areas of optimal program execution, interaction nets and knowledge representation. This book is the refereed proceedings of the first international meeting on linear logic held at (...) Cornell University, in June 1993. Survey papers devoted to specific areas of linear logic, as well as an extensive general introduction to the subject by J.-Y. Girard, have been added, so as to make this book a valuable tool both for the beginner and for the advanced researcher. (shrink)

L'ensemble que forment ces contributions porte sur les différentes périodes et questions dont Jean Salem était lui-même spécialiste, ou les aborde par des biais inattendus : l'atomisme et l'épicurisme de l'Antiquité, la philosophie classique et le matérialisme des Lumières, le matérialisme moderne et ses critiques, la tradition marxiste, le pragmatisme, la pensée économique, la philosophie du vin ou encore la lecture philosophique des œuvres littéraires. Ce volume propose ainsi un aperçu de l'état des recherches sur le matérialisme, sous ses (...) différentes formes et dans ses interactions avec les autres traditions philosophiques."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

This article shows how Lamarckism was essential in the birth of the French school of molecular biology. We argue that the concept of inheritance of acquired characters positively shaped debates surrounding bacteriophagy and lysogeny in the Pasteurian tradition during the interwar period. During this period the typical Lamarckian account of heredity treated it as the continuation of protoplasmic physiology in daughter cells. Félix d’Hérelle applied this conception to argue that there was only one species of bacteriophage and Jules Bordet applied (...) it to develop an account of bacteriophagy as a transmissible form of autolysis and to analyze the new phenomenon of lysogeny. In a long-standing controversy with Bordet, Eugène Wollman deployed a more morphological understanding of the inheritance of acquired characters, yielding a particulate, but still Lamarckian, account of lysogeny. We then turn to André Lwoff who, with several colleagues, completed Wollman’s research program from 1949 to 1953. We examine how he gradually set aside the Lamarckian background, finally removing inheritance of acquired characters from the resulting account of bacteriophagy and lysogeny. In the conclusion, we emphasize the complex dual role of Lamarckism as it moved from an assumed explanatory framework to a challenge that the nascent molecular biology had to overcome. (shrink)

The differentiation of T Lymphocytes within the thymus is an important biological phenomenon during wich these cell acquire their functions to further control the immune system. Numerous experiments under various conditions have been devised to understand the different mechanisms involved in this complex process. Nevertheless, interpretation of these experiments lead to still contradictory debatable hypotheses. Modelisation of this process through classical simulation methods cannot be envisaged because they are not adapted to modifications of the model structure, which is the point (...) of interest. For these reasons, we proposed a new approach of automatic search for model. The program consists of four independent connected modules : The generator produces model, based on the rationale of formal grammars. Protocol and experimental data are stored in a set of experiments. The simulator using a protocol and a model provides simulated results. Finally, the supervisor by comparing simulated results and experimental data, adapts the model parameters to increase their fit and either chooses a new experiment to explore, or modifies the model structure. Change of the model structure is performed among still unexplored models according to their promise level, which is iteratively evaluated relatively to previously explored models through a proposed model distance. The generator is written in Prolog and the other modules in C++. The architecture of the program allows us to modify or complete a module without changing anything in the other modules. As a consequence, the proposed modeling approach conceived to study T lymphocyte differentiation within the thymus remains independent of this biological phenomenon and can be applied to other biological problems. (shrink)

We consider a computational model comparing the possible roles of and in phonetic decoding, demonstrating that these two routes can contain similar information in some communication situations and highlighting situations where their decoding performance differs. We conclude that optimal decoding should involve some sort of fusion of association and simulation in the human brain.

Οι γεωμορφολογικές και παλυνολογικές έρευνες γύρω από την τούμπα Ντικιλί Τας βοηθούν στην καλύτερη κατανόηση των χαρακτηριστικών της χωροθέτησης του προϊστορικού οικισμού και της εξέλιξης των παλαιοπεριβαλλοντων από τη Νεότερη Νεολιθική έως το τέλος της Εποχής του Χαλκού. Ο οικισμός βρίσκεται μεταξύ των παρυφών της οροσειράς της Λεκάνης και του παλαιού έλους των Φιλίππων. Σε μεγάλη κλίμακα, η γεωμορφολογική κατάσταση εμφανίζεται πολυσύνθετη : ο σχηματισμός μιας γλώσσας στο περίγραμμα του παλαιού έλους και ένα μικρό κοίλωμα του εδάφους στους πρόποδες της (...) τούμπας επιτείνουν την πολυμορφία του τοπίου και την πολυπλοκότητα της εξέλιξης του. Οι παλυνολογικές έρευνες, παρά το υδρομορφολογικό περιβάλλον που δεν ευνόησε πάντοτε τη διατήρηση της γύρης, φωτίζουν το συσχετισμό μεταξύ τοπικής απογύμνωσης της χλωρίδας και σχετικής σταθερότητας της βλάστησης στην ευρύτερη περιοχή. (shrink)

This research investigates the potential for a “fair” co-branding operation. A major corporate brand is fictitiously allied with a Fair Trade labelling organization brand. The sample for the study is composed of 540 respondents, representative of the French population. By considering commercial brands and Fair Trade labels as dissimilar in terms of customers’ perceived Fair Trade orientations, this article studies how this lack of similarity impacts perceived congruence between both entities and how prior brand attitudes and congruence influence customers’ evaluation (...) of the co-branded product. The results of this research demonstrate that: Consumer prior brand attitudes toward the partner brands influence very little customers’ evaluation. Perceived similarity of the partner brands has a strong influence toward congruence of the co-branding operation. Results also indicate that congruence has a strong influence upon customers’ evaluation. An inverted U-shaped relationship exists between perceived similarity and relevancy of the alliance, and between expectancy and customers’ evaluation. The results obtained through the test of a partial least square model, and inverted U-shaped hypothesis, represent a new insight into co-branding theory. The high discursive power of fair co-branding is a key issue: the corporate brand provides the alliance with its leading position, while the Fair Trade brand provides the ethical attribute. (shrink)

Agroecological transitions aim at developing sustainable farming and food systems, adapted to local contexts. Such transitions require the engagement of local actors and the consideration of their knowledge and reasoning as a whole, which encompasses different natures of knowledge (empirical, scientific, local, generic), related to different dimensions (economic, environmental, technical, social, political), as well as their values and perceived uncertainties. While these transitions are often problematized in relation to technical issues, this article's objective is to start from the way the (...) local actors consider these transitions in order to see what issues are actually involved. In this study, we analyzed the reasoning of diverse farming actors, including farmers and farm advisors. We conducted 30 cognitive mapping interviews, during which the local actors drew cognitive maps to explicit their reasoning concerning their agroecological transition with an open approach. Their reasoning revealed an emphasis on the human & social dimension of the process of agroecological transitions: (i) human and social considerations come first in the transition process, while technical solutions are viewed as secondary, (ii) use and development of human capacities, social interactions and human well-being are crucial to the conduct of agroecological transitions, (iii) human-scale farming appears as a condition for the use of human capacities, human well-being and rural development, (iv) agroecological transitions imply farming advisory transitions, and (v) rural development appears as a condition for agroecological transitions, implying transitions in society as a whole. (shrink)

Cancers rely on multiple, heterogeneous processes at different scales, pertaining to many biomedical fields. Therefore, understanding cancer is necessarily an interdisciplinary task that requires placing specialised experimental and clinical research into a broader conceptual, theoretical, and methodological framework. Without such a framework, oncology will collect piecemeal results, with scant dialogue between the different scientific communities studying cancer. We argue that one important way forward in service of a more successful dialogue is through greater integration of applied sciences (experimental and clinical) (...) with conceptual and theoretical approaches, informed by philosophical methods. By way of illustration, we explore six central themes: (i) the role of mutations in cancer; (ii) the clonal evolution of cancer cells; (iii) the relationship between cancer and multicellularity; (iv) the tumour microenvironment; (v) the immune system; and (vi) stem cells. In each case, we examine open questions in the scientific literature through a philosophical methodology and show the benefit of such a synergy for the scientific and medical understanding of cancer. (shrink)

Marcel Beaufils fut un pedagogue exceptionnel qui exerca une influence decisive sur l'evolution de l'esthetique musicale en France, a partir des annees 50. Or, parmi ses ouvrages, Musique du son, musique du verbe est tres certainement celui qui porte le plus fortement la marque de son activite d'enseignant au Conservatoire National Superieur de Musique de Paris ; cette mission, il semblait l'entendre davantage comme celle d'un declencheur d'idees, catalyseur, plutot que du transmetteur d'un savoir fige une fois pour toutes. Bouleversant (...) toute tentative de classification academique, toute certitude acquise, ce livre laisse des pointilles ; un grand souffle traverse son ecriture. N'en deplaise aux musicographes, il s'agit la d'un ouvrage de creation, qui nous rappelle que Marce Beaufils etait egalement un ecrivain qui savait manier le verbe a la fois en tant que dramaturge et en tant que poete. (shrink)

Individual differences in effortful control, a component of temperament, reflecting the ability to use attention and other cognitive processes to self-regulate emotion and behavior, contribute to child academic adjustment, social competence, and wellbeing. Research has linked excessive screen time in early childhood to reduced self-regulation ability. Furthermore, research suggests that parents are more likely to use screens with children who have more challenging temperaments, such as low levels of effortful control. Since screen time by children between the ages of 0 (...) and 18 has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, it remains timely to investigate the developmental pattern of association between child screen media use and effortful control. We hypothesize that higher levels of screen media intake at age 3.5 will be associated with lower effortful control at age 4.5 and that lower effortful control at 3.5 will contribute to more screen media intake at age 4.5. This study draws on participants followed longitudinally over the span of 2-years for an investigation of Canadian preschoolers’ screen media use during the pandemic. A follow-up with this sample was completed in 2021. Analyses using a cross-lagged panel model revealed stability in child screen time and effortful control between the ages of 3.5 and 4.5. Child screen time at age 3.5 significantly contributed to decreased effortful control scores at the age of 4.5, whereas effortful control at age 3.5 did not contribute to screen time at age 4.5. Our results partially confirmed our hypothesis and indicated that higher levels of screen time intake were detrimental to the development of effortful control. These results suggest that screen media use, an exceedingly frequent activity, may play an enduring role in development by shaping young children’s temperaments. (shrink)

Le rapprochement des œuvres de Machiavel et de Bodin a déjà une longue histoire, à laquelle l’intention de cet article n’est pas d’ajouter un chapitre : il ne s’agit donc pas de proposer une lecture d’ensemble du rapport entre ces deux auteurs ou entre leurs doctrines générales, mais seulement de mettre en parallèle leurs conceptions d’une certaine méthode pour interpréter les histoires, conceptions qui se laissent lire d’une part dans l’épître dédicatoire et le proemio des Discorsi sopra la prima deca (...) di Tito Livio de Machiavel (ca. 1518) et d’autre part dans l’épître dédicatoire et le proemium de la Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem de Bodin (1566). À un demi-siècle d’écart, ces deux prologues mettent en effet en évidence le caractère indispensable d’un art de la lectio des histoires pour fonder les raisonnements de la science politique, mais ils le font, semble-t-il, en adoptant deux points de vue profondément différents : la nature exacte de cette différence est le véritable objet de cet article. (shrink)

On s'est dès lors efforcé de contextualiser cette thèse et d'en préciser le sens, aboutissant à un double résultat : premièrement, les signifiés propositionnels ne sont ni des entités abstraites (platoniciennes), ni des complexes ...

Biological evolution provides a creative fount of complex and subtle adaptations, often surprising the scientists who discover them. However, because evolution is an algorithmic process that transcends the substrate in which it occurs, evolution’s creativity is not limited to nature. Indeed, many researchers in the field of digital evolution have observed their evolving algorithms and organisms subverting their intentions, exposing unrecognized bugs in their code, producing unexpected adaptations, or exhibiting outcomes uncannily convergent with ones in nature. Such stories routinely reveal (...) creativity by evolution in these digital worlds, but they rarely fit into the standard scientific narrative. Instead they are often treated as mere obstacles to be overcome, rather than results that warrant study in their own right. The stories themselves are traded among researchers through oral tradition, but that mode of information transmission is inefficient and prone to error and outright loss. Moreover, the fact that these stories tend to be shared only among practitioners means that many natural scientists do not realize how interesting and lifelike digital organisms are and how natural their evolution can be. To our knowledge, no collection of such anecdotes has been published before. This paper is the crowd-sourced product of researchers in the fields of artificial life and evolutionary computation who have provided first-hand accounts of such cases. It thus serves as a written, fact-checked collection of scientifically important and even entertaining stories. In doing so we also present here substantial evidence that the existence and importance of evolutionary surprises extends beyond the natural world, and may indeed be a universal property of all complex evolving systems. (shrink)

Comment penser la morale – sans verser dans l'incantation de l'obligation ou en appeler à la crainte suscitée par la sanction? La proposition de Guyau consiste à concevoir l'histoire de la philosophie morale comme traversée par une antinomie structurale (idéalisme versus naturalisme) qu'un évolutionnisme élargi peut dépasser. La morale qui en découle sera anomique, inventive et sans modèle suprême – sans obligation ni sanction.

Renaud, the illuminator. Renaud, the chronicler. “JXR” is not exactly recording facts and documents, although he often paints on the basis of “found images,” taking digital photos he collects from websites as a basis for his own work. He is not an archivist either, although he uses collage and routinely incorporates pictures or logotypes into his digital drawings. The chronicling work remains. In Renaud’s oeuvre, the times are being shown in all their glorious stupidity. An optimist nevertheless, the artist exhibits (...) through the grotesque dehiscence of the ordinary the raw nature of survival. By his alliance of artistic métier and critical force, of iconoclastic crudeness and reflection on society, of laughter and precision, Renaud’s art is undoubtedly related to that of Honoré Daumier, George Grosz, or Philip Guston. JXR has in common with all three painters that he excels at displaying the ridicule of adventitious grandeur and the vulgarity of the norm. (shrink)

La démocratie est fondée sur l’incertitude. La courte durée des mandats des élus les oblige à lutter contre le temps pour mener une carrière politique. Pour comprendre les modalités de cette lutte, il est heuristique d’étudier le cas d’un élu, Jean Tiberi, un ancien maire de Paris ayant connu une longévité rare. Des pratiques temporelles lui permirent de durer, et de siéger durant un demi-siècle simultanément au Conseil de Paris et à l’Assemblée nationale. Il le fit grâce à un (...) usage intensif et personnalisé du cumul des mandats et des fonctions et de deux dispositifs de gouvernement du temps, le fief et le chauffeur, qui l’aidèrent à faire reculer l’horizon de la fin de son règne sur son territoire d’élection. Le contrôle du territoire est en effet la clé d’un contrôle du temps. Cela eut cependant un coût, médiatique et judiciaire, et des effets sur l’exercice du mandat : le métier politique fut exercé de manière clientéliste, mais surtout de manière sélective, le professionnel de l... (shrink)

Despite his unassailable heritage, the passionate thinker to whom Levinas dedicated Totalité et infini has today nearly been forgotten outside France. This forgetting is the shared premise of two books published in recent years. The first is William C. Hackett and Jeffrey Hanson’s edition and translation of Wahl’s Existence humaine et transcendance : Human Existence and Transcendence, and the second is a volume of selections from Wahl’s philosophical writings edited by Alan D. Schrift and Ian Alexander Moore: Jean Wahl: (...) Transcendence and the Concrete Selected Writings. (shrink)

Léon Brunschvicg présente sa philosophie comme une recherche sur la progression de l’esprit engendrée par la réflexion sur ses principes. Or l’esprit est activité et s’exprime dans l’acte d’un jugement. Si Brunschvicg n’a pas explicitement rapporté les différentes formes du jugement à l’hétérogénéité des structures de l’esprit, cette relation est toutefois présupposée dans la démarche constructiviste qui est la sienne, démarche qui a son parallèle chez les philosophes de l’école de Marbourg et qui annonce également le constructivisme de Jean (...) Piaget. Cet article, conçu comme une introduction générale à la pensée de Brunschvicg, en donne une interprétation qui croise ainsi plusieurs axes de la recherche contemporaine. (shrink)