RESUMO: Partindo de avaliações retrospectivas de Horkheimer sobre seu percurso intelectual, procuramos mostrar que tanto Schopenhauer quanto Marx constituem uma influência permanente na obra do fundador da teoria crítica: com efeito, a maior evidência de um dos dois autores em certo momento da trajetória de Horkheimer não implica o desaparecimento do outro, mas antes o pressupõe como fundamento, ainda que latente. É que, embora estabeleça uma interlocução com cada um deles considerado isoladamente, o determinante, a nosso ver, é a leitura (...) conjugada que Horkheimer realiza de ambos: por incompatíveis que pareçam, as esperanças de racionalização e emancipação sociais inspiradas em Marx e o pessimismo de Schopenhauer relacionam-se intrinsecamente, donde resultam um materialismo necessariamente pessimista e um pessimismo necessariamente materialista. Pretendemos evidenciar, porém, que, em virtude do modo pelo qual Horkheimer dialoga com a tradição filosófica, bem como em razão de mudanças de configuração histórica e, por conseguinte, teórica, a relação entre o pessimismo de Schopenhauer e o anseio emancipatório animado por Marx assume aspectos diversos e nuançados no decurso de sua obra. ABSTRACT: Starting from Horkheimer's retrospective evaluations on his intellectual trajectory, we try to show that both Schopenhauer and Marx are a permanent influence in his work: indeed, the major evidence of one of the two authors at one point in Horkheimer's trajectory does not imply the disappearance of the other one, but rather presupposes him as a basis, even though latent. For although Horkheimer dialogues with each of them separately, what is determining, in our view, is the combined reading that he performs of both: the social rationalization and the emancipation hopes inspired by Marx and the Schopenhauer's pessimism, even though they may seem incompatible, are intrinsically connected, so that there are a necessarily pessimistic materialism and a necessarily materialist pessimism. We intend to evidence, however, that because of the way Horkheimer dialogues with the philosophical tradition and because of the historical and therefore theoretical changes, the relationship between Schopenhauer's pessimism and the aspiration to emancipation inspired by Marx takes on different aspects and nuances in the course of his work. (shrink)

Intensely discussed in the philosophy of science in the 20th and 21st centuries, the themes of realism and anti-realism pervade Feyerabend’s work. However, discerning the author’s position on these subjects poses a problem for scholars. One sign of this is that they attribute to Feyerabend the adherence to (or the rejection of) different conceptions of realism and anti-realism. Despite the divergences, however, scholars approach the topic in a similar way, detecting elements of Feyerabend’s realist and anti-realist positions that are incompatible (...) with each other and that follow one another in the course of his work. Although such studies are of great value, we propose to explore another approach, which also seems pertinent. Examining Feyerabend’s writings, we seek to discern conditions that make it possible for the author to assume, without contradiction, realist and anti-realist positions. Finally, we seek to infer from Feyerabend’s conception of science features of the realism prescribed by the author as well as features of the realism proscribed by him. (shrink)

Scholars point out contradictions in Nietzsche’s philosophy. An example would be his po itions on science, object of praise and criticism. If so, Nietzsche would make contradictory remarks about a domain that, on principle, seeks to rid itself of contradictions. From the perspective of Nietzschean philosophy, would attributing contradiction to it mean an objection? Would Nietzsche’s praise and criticism of science be incompatible? After trying to answer these questions, we will aim to show that the philosopher’s considerations on science reveal (...) a way of proceeding that he not only claims for himself but also prescribes to scientific thought: the art of nuance. (shrink)

Resumo: Partindo da análise de O Anticristo, investigamos a função que Nietzsche atribui à ciência, entendida como forma de inverdade, em relação a outras formas de inverdade, como o cristianismo. Primeiro, buscamos mostrar que, nesse escrito, o autor estabelece a incompatibilidade entre ciência e cristianismo atribuindo-lhes características específicas e inconciliáveis. Depois, evidenciamos que qualificativos como “falsa”, “errônea”, “fictícia” e “mentirosa”, aplicados em tom pejorativo à concepção religiosa de mundo em O Anticristo, determinam igualmente, em outros escritos, o conhecimento científico. Ora, (...) se as concepções de mundo cristã e científica têm características semelhantes, por que Nietzsche recorre à ciência para rejeitar o cristianismo?: Starting from the analysis of The Antichrist, we investigate the function that Nietzsche attributes to science, understood as a form of untruth, in relation to other forms of untruth, such as Christianity. First, we seek to show that, in this writing, the author establishes the incompatibility between science and Christianity by assigning them specific and irreconcilable characteristics. Then, we show that qualifications such as “false”, “erroneous”, “fictitious” and “lying”, applied in a derogatory way to the religious conception of the world in The Antichrist, also determine, in other writings, scientific knowledge. Now, if the Christian and scientific worldviews have similar characteristics, why does Nietzsche turn to science to reject Christianity? (shrink)

Resumo Estabelecida em Assim falava Zaratustra, a associação dos conceitos de vida, valor e vontade de potência se revela rica em consequências para o pensamento de Nietzsche. Nosso objetivo é investigar como essas noções operam na sintomatologia nietzschiana, procedimento que consiste em avaliar o valor dos valores, tomando-os como sinais de vida ascendente ou decadente. Esperamos mostrar que um modo de estimar valores só é considerado superior se traduz uma afirmação da concepção nietzschiana de vida ascendente. Por fim, contamos sustentar (...) que esse critério para avaliar o valor dos valores implica, ele mesmo, valores, o que o torna injusto.The association of notions of life, value and will to power established in Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra reveals a great amount of consequences to the author’s philosophy. In this paper we propose to investigate how these concepts constitute a necessary condition for the Nietzschean symptomatology, which is a procedure that evaluates the value of the values, considering them as signs of an ascending or declining life. Furthermore, we attempt to demonstrate that the values may solely be regarded as superior and ascending if they translate an affirmation of the Nietzschean conception of ascending life. Finally, this study will support the idea that the criterion to evaluate the values itself implies other values, which renders it unjust. (shrink)

Resenha dos livros Aisthesis. Cenas do regime estético da arte e Le temps du paysage. Aux origines de la révolution esthétique, de Jacques Rancière. De As três fontes das filosofias da história, de Bertrand Binoche, e de A filosofia da fisiocracia: Metafísica, política, economia, de Thiago Vargas. Conta ainda com uma resenha da 34ª Bienal de São Paulo.