Araştırmada lise öğrencilerinin geleneksel ve kültürel din algılarını belirlemek için uygun bir ölçek geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma AFA için 324 ve DFA için 320 olmak üzere toplam 644 lise öğrencisiyle yürütülmüştür. Verileri toplamak için geleneksel ve kültürel din algısı ölçek formu (GEKDÖ) ile kişisel bilgi anketi kullanılmıştır. Uzman görüşleri ve pilot uygulama sonuçlarına göre AFA öncesi 35 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek formuna ulaşılmış ve uygulanmıştır. AFA sonrası 20 maddeden oluşan ölçek formu elde edilmiştir. DFA sonucu 4 madde ölçekten çıkarılarak 16 maddeli (...) son yapıya ulaşılmıştır. GEKDÖ, üç boyut (Kaynak ve Belirleyicilik Boyutu, Rehberlik ve Eğitim Boyutu ve Kültürel Boyut) ve 16 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin toplam varyansı %58,13 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin KMO değeri,938; Barlett test değeri, 4212,113’tür. Güvenirlik çalışmaları sonucunda Cronbach Alpha güvenirlik katsayısı,931; ikiye ayırma güvenirlik analiz değeri,833 ve boyutların ayırt edicilik düzeylerini belirlemek için %27’lik alt-üst grup puanları arasında yapılan t-test sonuçları sırasıyla t(88) = –43,51 –38,90 – 36,47 –30,94 p<,01 olarak tespit edilerek anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu görülmüştür. DFA sonuçları temel ölçüt olan model uyum indekslerini oldukça iyi düzeyde karşıladığı için oluşturulan yapının istatistiksel ve kuramsal açılardan da uygun olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak lise öğrencilerine yönelik geliştirilen 16 maddelik GEKDÖ’nün geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu belirlenmiştir. (shrink)

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 1963 ile 2012 yılları arasında din psikolojisi alanında yapılan ve hala devam eden yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerine ilişkin analizler yer almaktadır. Bunun yanında din psikolojisinin Türkiye’de akademide yer alışına dair kısa bir tarihçe vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, din psikolojisi doktora tezlerine ilişkin bir bibliyografya oluşturarak, araştırmacılara ve lisansüstü öğrencilerine bir katalog sunmaktır. Ayrıca, tezlere ait verilerin analizleriyle, yapılacak yeni çalışmalara yol göstermek amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem olarak literatür taraması yapılmış, farklı kurumların katalogları taranmış ve alandaki akademisyenlerle (...) görüşülmüştür. Elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda tezler, yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri olarak tasnif edilmiş ve yazar referans alınarak alfabetik sıraya göre dizilmiştir. Tez başlıklarının içerdikleri konular tespit edilmiş ve bu veriler analiz edilmiştir. (shrink)

Günümüzde hızla yayılan, insanların hayat kalitesini ve mutluluğunu olumsuz olarak etkileyen yalnızlık, özellikle Amerika ve Avrupa’da en önemli toplumsal sorunlardan birine dönüşmüştür. İngiltere’de yalnızlıktan sorumlu bakanlık kurulmasına kadar varan bu olgunun, Türkiye’de özellikle genç nesli temsil eden üniversite öğrencilerinde ne düzeyde olduğu, bu araştırmanın temel araştırma konularından birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırma, Ordu üniversitesinin değişik fakültelerinde öğrenim gören 416 öğrenci örneklemi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Anket formunda; UCLA yalnızlık ölçeği, dini başa çıkma ve hayat memnuniyeti ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca katılımcıların bireysel dindarlık algıları ve (...) sosyal medya kullanım düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik sorular oluşturulmuştur. SPSS istatistik programıyla yapılan analizler sonucunda; dindarlık algısı ile yalnızlık, olumsuz dini başa çıkma, sosyal medyada görünürlük düzeyi ve kullanılan sosyal medya sayısı arasında negatif yönde; dindarlıkla olumlu dini başa çıkma arasında ise pozitif yönde bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca öznel dindarlık algısı cinsiyet üzerinde farklılığa açmazken, hayat memnuniyeti üzerinde farklılığa yol açtığı anlaşılmıştır. Yalnızlık ile olumlu dini başa çıkma, hayat memnuniyeti ve mesajlaşma arasında negatif yönde ilişki ve etkileşim tespit edilirken, hayat memnuniyeti ile olumlu dini başa çıkma arasında pozitif, olumsuz dini başa çıkma arasında negatif yönde ilişki ve etkileşimin varlığı bulgulanmıştır. Bu çalışma birçok değişkenin birbiri ile ilişki ve etkileşimini ele alması bakımından önemlidir. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for determining students' spiritual health and life orientation. For this purpose, the Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure (SHALOM) inventory developed by Fisher (2010) is adapted to Turkish. The adaptation study was carried out on 1591 high school students in three study groups studying in Ankara and Muş. The original English measure consisting of four dimensions and twenty items was translated into Turkish, factor analysis, validity and reliability (...) tests were conducted on the sampling data. As a result of the study, the Turkish-adapted inventory consists of four dimensions (personal, social, environmental and transcendental) which resemble the original inventory. In addition, internal consistency coefficients of the inventory dimensions were in perfect harmony with the original inventory and served the purpose of the scale. In Conclusion The Turkish adaptation of the SHALOM Inventory can be used in different disciplines of psychology, educational sciences, and social sciences. Summary: The concept of religion, which is an important dynamic and carrier of the social field, has gone into a double distinction since the second half of the 18th century; the concept of spirituality has begun to be refined from the concept of religion. The concepts of religion and spirituality are very difficult to define; While the concept of religion focuses ideology and rules of belief, spirituality centers on individual experiences and interrelationships that extend religion. For this reason, different spirituality and religion definitions are made from different perspectives and different spirituality scales were developed within this framework. However, the results of these studies differ significantly from each other; this means that spirituality was defined and conceptualized based on the scale that was used. Early period studies on spirituality mostly focus on religion, health, psychology and work life. In these studies, after defining the concept of spirituality; the relationship between the concept and health, religion, psychology and business life or necessity for human life is discussed. In the West, until the 1950s, the concepts of religion and spirituality were used interrelated. However, today these two concepts are almost completely separated from each other.Literature consists of numerous inventory development studies to measure spirituality. The fact that the inventory works based on different conceptual foundations makes it difficult to draw a general, meaningful and consistent conclusion about spiritual health and life orientation. Furthermore, spirituality measurements reflecting the religion and values ​​of a particular culture cannot be comprehensive or universal. At this point, Fisher criticizes the measurement tools developed for the purpose of measuring spirituality: in terms of "mixing religion and spirituality", "relying on the world of values", "not taking into account cultural differences", "and questioning only the mystical/spiritual experience". As a result, it can be said that no measurement developed in the conceptual structure of the West does not take into account the cultural flexibility and accept its spiritual values as universal or prevalent.The SHALOM inventory developed by Fisher, which adapted to the Turkish culture in present study, is based on four basic (individual, social, environmental and transcendent) areas that constitute the world of interpersonal relationship. In this study, spirituality, as in Fisher's work, emphasizes the interaction with certain concepts of different intensities that are considered as independent from religion and above religions. In this context, the concept of spirituality communicates with one's personal space, social position, nature, and transcendental power. This adaptation study will provide useful information and comments on the students' spiritual health levels. This is the most important motive behind the idea of adapting the SHALOM inventory developed by Fisher to the Turkish culture. In addition, by adapting the SHALOM inventory, which is emphasized to have cultural flexibility and adapted to different languages, a new and different measurement tool will be available to understand the nature of the concept of spirituality.This research was carried out to adapt the inventory of Spiritual Health and Life Orientation scale developed for students to Turkish culture. This inventory adaptation study was performed with the data collected from three working groups in Ankara and Muş provinces and 1591 high school students. The first study group was carried out with 414, the second study group with 788, and the third group with 389 high school students. While the data collected from 414 students were used for Exploratory Factor Analysis (AFA) analysis, data collected from 788 students were used for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In addition, 389 students were used to determine the criterion validity of the inventory. The original language of the SHALOM inventory, which is intended to be adapted into Turkish, is English, and translation studies are conducted separately by three linguistic experts who know the grammar and semantic characteristics of both languages. After the translation studies, the scale was applied to the sampling group and AFA was performed on the sample data. The AFA results showed that a factor roof resembling the original inventory was formed. Determining factors are given appropriate names (personal, enviromental, social and transcendental) by taking into consideration the theoretical names and the dimension names in the original form of the SHALOM. The structure was confirmed by DFA, and as a result of the DFA, X2/sd (1.72) ratio and IFI (0.96) fit indicator was found to be the appropiate fit for the model tested. As a result, it is understood that the Spiritual Health and Life Orientation Inventory consists of four dimensions as in the original inventory, the internal consistency coefficients of the inventory dimensions are in harmony with the original inventory and serve the purpose of the scale. In conclusion the Turkish adaptation of the SHALOM Inventory can be used in different disciplines of psychology, educational sciences, and social sciences. Spirituality should not only be defined within the framework of Western theories, but the nature and likelihood of the spirituality predicted by Islam should be discussed. Moreover, the types and dimensions of Islamic spirituality should be determined by taking into account the cultural subjectivity of an Islamic character. In the study of spirituality, the human model which modernity presents universally should not be accepted as the only truth. It should be tried to develop human models that come from Islamic culture and history and which are specific to us and define us. This should be taken into account not only in mental health / religious studies, but also in psychology of religion in general. In addition, culture-specificity should be given importance, and the experience gained from the cultural accumulation developed by the Turkish civilization with the Islamic doctrine should lead to the studies of spirituality. In this respect, this study aims to adapt the value and spiritual orientation of a different culture to Turkish culture, but it is problematic to construct the concept with Western values. Although Western values are similar to Islamic values and principles, it is envisaged that it may be difficult to measure the concept of spirituality in practice. (shrink)

Ensuring well-being ahead of positive psychology aims at the treatment of individuals with psychological problems. Positive psychology contributes to the improvement of traumatic processes. But there is more to the field of study of positive psychology than that. In studies in this field, it has become important for individuals to be empowered with their own internal resources and to feel good with their values. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between the concepts of psychological well-being and (...) consent. The main purpose of the concept of psychological well-being is to support the individual with its own values in a psychologically healthy life. These values strengthen individuals and contribute to mental health by helping regulate people's cognition, emotions and behaviours. Religion is full of values for a happy and peaceful life for the believers. Religious values have the potential to empower people, enhance their cognition, and provide psychological well-being. The concept of consent is contained many meanings such as; Accepting the result after making an effort to get what they want in life, being resilience against negative life events, being hopeful, being satisfied with the life he/she lives, to find inner peace, having good moral qualities and good morals. It has been determined that components such as acceptance of emotions arising from negative experiences, a meaningful life, life satisfaction, psychological resilience related to the concept of psychological well-being are included in the concept of consent among the religious concepts. In this paper, positive psychology and "consent", a religious concept, have been examined and suggested for positive psychology practices for individuals with faith in order to empower them with their own values. (shrink)

The effects of heredity and the environment on the development of human being, which is a multidimensional being, have been discussed for many years. Studies on the religious development of man were also influenced by these discussions. In this context, in order to better understand the nature of religious development, some theories such as behavioral, cognitive or stage theories have emerged. In a sense, these theories have also identified the direction of religious development. However, many of these theories did not (...) address their religious development as a whole. This restricted the understanding of religious development. Therefore, this article has two main purposes. First, to bring the ecological theory which is the human development model proposed by Bronfenbrenner, which considers human development as a whole with the environment and events in which it lives, to the literature of our country's religion psychology. The second aim is that to contribute to a better understanding of the psychological foundations of religious development through the use of this theory. In this article where qualitative research method has been used, some quantitative study data have been used. In the article, the ecosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem, and the effect of each of the chronosystem on religious development is discussed. In this article, it is concluded that approach to religious development in the context of ecological theory can be useful.Summary: Human being is existentially open to development. The openness of human to development is not a choice but a requirement. Therefore, each individual must experience a developmental process in which physiological, psychological and sociological conditions are intertwined unless he has voluntarily terminated his existence. Psychologists, who are aware of this, attach a special importance to the phenomenon of development. Is heredity is more effective in human development, or the environment? This question is a result of the importance that psychologists attribute to development.Essentially, the roots of these debates on human development are based on the foundation of modern psychology. For example, Locke, one of the most important philosophers of the 18th century, rejected the idea of ​​Descartes, one of the 17th-century thinkers, that man came to the world equipped with all sorts of knowledge and skills. Unlike Descartes, Locke argued that the source of all human knowledge is based on experience. According to Locke, the mind of the newborn baby is an un scraped tablet = tabula rasa, but it is not only the normal knowledge but also the source of God's imagination.This perspective on human development naturally affected the problem of religious development. For example, Jung sought the basis of religious faith in the collective unconscious, referring to the hereditary foundations of religious faith in a sense. On the other hand, Pratt approached the problem of religious development on the basis of experience.In general, religious development studies carried out on more experienced grounds have brought some theoretical approaches. Goldman, for example, examined the course of religious development from childhood to adolescence. For him, religious thought is not that different from non-religious thought in terms of form and method. Fowler, on the other hand, expressed that faith is not always religious in terms of content and context, and has developed a theory of belief development that includes religious development. However, some religious development models brings a different perspective to the development of the religious phenomenon in Turkey have been developed. Three-stage religious development model developed by Karaca is one of them. According to this model, the process of religious development of human beings is completed through three stages: inner tendencies, awakening of religious interest and questioning, harmony and stability.The necessity of using multi-dimensional approaches to understand the human being is a multidimensional entity is undoubtedly a reality. For this reason, it can be stated that the diversity of the explanation models for the religious development phenomenon mentioned above is a richness. It is thought that looking at the phenomenon of religious development in terms of the ecological theory developed by Bronfenbrenner, will increase the wealth of the means to understand the phenomenon of religious development. In this context, the main aim of this article is to provide the literature on the psychology of religion in our country and to contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon of religious development in the context of the theory of ecological theory put forward by Bronfenbrenner in a holistic way.The qualitative research method has been used in this article, besides the explanations and analyzes, the data of the quantitative studies, which are not directly related to the subject, have also been utilized.The basic step of the ecological theory that Bronfenbrenner suggested is a structure in which many systems from family to political and cultural systems overlap to better understand human development. The microsystem, which represents the innermost layer surrounding the individual, expresses the basic structure in which the individual lives and interacts with other people, while the mesosystemincludes the developing individual and the home and the school, school and workplace. It includes connections between two or more microsystems or contexts. The ecosystem, which is an extension of the mesosystem covering both formal and informal structures and relationships, does not directly affect the individual; however, it surrounds the individual by influencing the current arrangements that the individual has been in. The part of the theory that expresses the attitudes and ideologies of the culture in which the individual lives is the macrosystem. The last link of the theory is the chronosystem. The chronosystem, which explains how socio-historical conditions, lifelong transitions and environmental events occur in a pattern, has an important place in the development history of the individual.Although human beings are born with capability for believing, this situation alone is not enough to complete the process of religious development in a healthy way. When considered in the context of ecological theory, the religious development of the individual is affected from the first degree of the microsystem which is in direct contact with his family, school, peer groups, religious groups and playgrounds. In addition, the mesosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem affect the religious development of the individual either directly or indirectly. However, it should be noted that the effects of these systems on religious development are always double polarized.In order to better understand the psychology of religious development in the context of ecological theory, it is thought that the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that will be done with different groups in which the systems constituting the theory are effective will provide illuminating information about the subject. However, researchers, who will study religious development, are very careful when analyzing the relationships of the variables such as gender, age, civil status, education level, occupational groups and socio-economic level expressing the characteristics of the sample group in the experimental studies and used as independent variables. to be. Since, although the effects of these variables on the level of religiousness, the effects of these variables on dependent variables can be limited without considering the ecological theory. (shrink)

The current study aims to examine the hope levels of theology students in the context of their education level. The correlational (relational) screening method was used in this study. The sample of the study consists of a total of 429 students (328 girls, 101 boys) studying at the Faculty of Theology at Erzincan Binali Yildirim University. Hope levels of the students were determined by Karaca-Kandemir Hope Scale developed by Karaca and Kandemir. The scale consists of three sub-dimensions: goal-oriented, hope and (...) significance, and stability. One-way analysis of variance (ANO-VA) was used for data analysis. According to the findings obtained as a result of the analysis, it is seen that the education levels of the Theology Faculty students cause differentiation in terms of goal-oriented and stability which are sub-dimensions of hope; however, it was found that the scale did not cause any difference in terms of hope and meaningfulness subscale and total hope levels. This finding did not corroborate the research hypothesis that the higher the education level of theology faculty students, the higher their hope level. The results, however, give an idea that theology education can have a positive effect on students' hope levels.Summary: Hope, which is a fundamental feature of human existence, has many functions, both individually and socially. Hope, which is one of the main characteristics that distinguish human beings from other beings, is one of the most powerful tools that help create and implement future designs of individuals and societies. It is possible to see this powerful effect of hope in the object of all human works and actions such as art, literature, and architecture. However, despite the expressed impact of hope, religion, which accompanies it in the existential journey of humanity and is one of its most influential sources of motivation, has the potential to produce a highly useful function on hope. Because religion demands the individual to be future-oriented rather than the past. This demand of religion does not mean that the past actions of the individual and society have no importance. While building the future of the individual and society on lessons learned from the past, religion orders that he should not be a prisoner of his past and that he hopes for the energy he has produced by taking shelter in the attributes of Allah, Most Gracious and Merciful. For this reason, the Qur'an equates despair of Allah's mercy with coming out of religion (Yusuf 12 / / 87).Despite the strong relations between religion and hope, empirical studies on the issue are not yet adequate. However, in recent times, especially with the effect of Positive Psychology, it is a fact that empirical studies have been carried out to determine the relationship of these emotions with religiosity about positive emotions such as patience, optimism, empathy, and self-regulation. One of the positive emotions expressed is hope. However, it is seen that some empirical studies have been conducted on the relationship between hope and religiosity. However, apart from these studies, empirical studies on higher education levels are needed in order to reveal the relationship between hope and religiosity in a healthier way. Because of the strong relationship between religion and hope, it is expected that there will be an increase in parallel with the religious education taken in higher education. From this point of view, this study primarily aims to reveal the strong connection between religion and hope. The main problem of this study, which is based on the primary hypothesis that learning religion at a higher education level, will increase the level of hope of students, is the relationship between theology education and hope. In this study, which was conducted to determine the hope levels of the students of the Faculty of Theology, the method of collecting information related to the questionnaire technique used in the screening model was used.The population of the study consists of 744 students enrolled in Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Theology Faculty in the fall semester of 2018-2019 academic year. The sample group of the research is 429 students in the faculty during the application period. Accordingly, 144 (33.6%) of the total students in the sample group were in the “preparatory class,” 79 (18.4%) were in the “first grade”, and 78 (18.2%) were in the “second grade,” while 60 (14.0%) were in the “third grade,” 68 (15.9%) were in the “fourth grade.”“Personal Data Questionnaire” and “Karaca-Kandemir’s Hope Scale” were used as data collection instruments. In the “Personal Data Questionnaire,” there are questions about the learning levels of the working group.Karaca-Kandemir’s Hope Scale, which is used in the study, is a scale developed by Karaca and Kandemir based on their cultural codes to determine the hope levels of individuals.The scale is a 5-point Likert type and consists of three sub-dimensions: “goal-oriented,” “hope and meaningfulness,” and “stability.” Of the 13 items in the scale, 8 (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 and 12) had a positive sentence structure such as “Dreaming about the future excites me,” 5 of them (3, 6, 8, 11 and 13) it has a negative sentence structure such as “I cannot bring the end of a job easily after starting a job.” In the scoring phase of the hope scale, negative sentences were reversed. While the lowest score that can be obtained from the “goal-oriented” dimension of the scale is 5, the highest score is 25; the lowest score that can be obtained from the dimension of “hope and meaningfulness” is 4, the highest score is 20; the lowest score that can be obtained from the “stability” sub-dimension is 4, while the highest score is 20. As a result, the lowest score that can be obtained from the total of the scale is 13, and the highest score is 65. Low scores from the scale indicate that the individual's level of hope is low, and high scores indicate high levels of hope.In order to determine the differentiation between class levels, Single Factor Analysis of Variance-ANOVA was applied to the data set. As a result of the analysis, multiple comparisons were made between the means with statistically significant differences. For this purpose, Post Hoc LSD and Tukey HSD tests were used to determine the source of the difference. The significance level of “.05 “ was taken as a criterion for all these operations. In the research, it was seen that the education they received from the Faculty of Theology students caused a differentiation in the “goal-oriented and stability” sub-dimension of hope; however, “hope and meaningfulness” subscale and “total hope” did not cause any differentiation. This result did not confirm the research hypothesis that “the level of hope differs according to class (education) level and the level of hope increases as the level of education (education) increases hope. However, in the “goal-oriented” dimension of hope, the second and third-grade students of fourth-grade students; In terms of “stability” dimension, the fact that the first-grade students scored significantly higher than the preparatory class students gives an important idea that the education received in the Faculty of Theology can have an effect on hope. However, it is thought that similar studies that will be conducted with a large sample group and centering on all dimensions and hopes of religiosity will produce remarkable results. (shrink)

This research was conducted in order to determine job stress, job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intention of employees of religious affairs.In addition, within the scope of the research, the interrelationships between related concepts, demographic variables that these employees belong to, and their level of relationship within the concepts are also examined. The research was conducted on 1125 employees of religious affairs from Turkey's seven geographical regions, especially from the metropolitan centers (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Mersin, Gaziantep, Samsun and Erzurum). In order (...) to collect the data, four different scale forms were used and the analysis was interpreted through a statistical analysis program.According to the results of the research, these employees have a low level of job satisfaction while experiencing moderate burnout. The employees of religious affairs, on the other hand, have a high level of job stress and moderate turnover intentions.While there are different researches in the literature that try to determine the burnout and job satisfaction of employees of religious affairs, this research is important because it is a pioneering study aiming to measure the work stress, which is known as the source of job satisfaction and burnout, and the turnover intention, which is the most important result of job stress. (shrink)

One of the important areas of study of religious psychology is to examine the reflection of worship in the spiritual life of individuals in the context of worship psychology. In this field survey, the relations between the level of meaning in life and hopelessness of individuals who performed the ʿUmra worship are examined. The study is conducted with 214 Turkish participants who performed ʿumra in Saudi Arabia. The collected data is analyzed by questionnaire technique. "Personal Information Form", " Meaning in (...) Life Questionnaire (MLQ)" and "Beck Hopelessness Scale" are used as data collection tools. The obtained data is analyzed in the SPSS 23.0 statistical program. One Sample t-Test, Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation Analysis, Independent Sampling t-Test, One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests are used to analyse the data. It is found that the research group's level of meaning in life above average; the level of hopelessness is below average significantly. There is a significant negative correlation between meaning in life and hopelessness, feelings about the future, loss of motivation, expectation about the future. There is a significant positive correlation between searched meaning and hopelessness and loss of motivation.Summary: Many religions have some types of worship involving visiting places considered as sacred and performing some rituals there. In Islam it is called ʿUmra, which is visiting the Kaʿba without being dependent on a certain time frame except for the pilgrimage month. There are certain rites to perform ʿumra, such as entering a state of iḥrām (ritual purity in which certain actions are not permissible), completing circumambulation, and saʿy (striving to do a certain act; walking) between the hills of al-Ṣafā and al-Marwa. ʿUmra worship is a comprehensive and versatile worship, which contains psychological, sociological, physical and financial characteristics.Studying the relationship between religious beliefs and practices, the religious rituals and their psychological effects and functions of ceremonies are the some essential research topics of Psychology of Religion. Existing research in this area usually reveals the existence of a positive relationship between the religious beliefs and practices and between meaning in life and hope. Individuals who believe in a religion can find a meaning and purpose in life through prayer and worship, and at the same time have more positive future expectation to endure the difficulties of life. Meaning and hope are intertwined, which complete each other. Hopelessness is closely related to depression and suicidal desire. There is a need to find meaning and purpose in life in order to hold on to life, and for looking to the future with confidence, and overcoming difficulties.It is known that people tend to be more religious and concentrating worship during periods of loss of meaning for various reasons. ʿUmra, which includes almost all type of worship, is a special worship, which has the potential to contribute to the individual's intense emotional life for gaining new awareness and developing different behaviours to cope with such difficulties. It is because the individual would have many experiences to see the cause of existence, the meaning of his/her life, and his/her future expectation during the ʿumra worship. Thus, he/she can overcome his/her hopelessness and loss of meaning and look to the situation from different perspectives. Therefore, in this study, the following questions are explored: Does ʿumra make a positive contribution to the psychological experience of the individuals, as expected? Does ʿumra has any effect on the level of loss of meaning and hopelessness that accompanies the psychological troubles? How does the demographic variables make difference in the level of meaning in life and hopelessness of individuals who perform ʿumra? In order to find answers to these questions, the relationship between the meaning of life - the hopelessness and the ʿumra was investigated. For this purpose, the meaning and hopelessness levels of the individuals who are performing ʿumra worship were measured by psychometric methods and the relations between them were analyzed. In addition, it has been tested whether there is a difference in the meaning in life and hopelessness according to demographic variables such as gender, marital status and educational status. 214 people aged between 18-82 years participated in the research. The survey data was collected from Turkish participants who perform ʿumra in the cities of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia in May 2015. "Personal Information Form", " Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ)" and "Beck Hopelessness Scale" were used as data collection tools. The obtained data were analyzed in the SPSS 23.0 statistical program. One Sample t-Test, Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation Analysis, Independent Sampling t-Test, One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were used for the purpose of analysis of the data.The most important finding of the survey is meaning in life scores of individuals who are performing the ʿumra are above average (t = 20,50; p ˂ 0,01); and scores of hopelessness are below average significantly (t = -29,80; p ˂0,01). There is a significant negative correlation between presence of meaning subscale and hopelessness (r = -,288; p ˂ 0,01); and positive correlation between search for meaning subscale and hopelessness (r =,169; p ˂ 0,05) and loss of motivation (r =,285; p ˂ 0,01). The findings show that ʿumra can affect the meaning in life positively and the hopelessness negatively. There was no significant difference between the meaning in life scores and education level and gender variable (p ˃ 0,05). As the level of education increases, hopelessness scores decrease significantly (F = 2, 627; p ˂ 0,05). Hopelessness scores show a significant difference according to gender (t = -2,708; p ˂ 0,01). Men's hopelessness levels are significantly higher than women’s. Moreover, the meaning in life of married individuals is significantly higher than single individuals (F = 3,859; p ˂ 0,05). As the age and developmental stages progressed, meaning in life (F = 7,274; p ˂ 0,01) and hopelessness scores (F = 8,119; p ˂ 0,01) significantly increased.ʿUmra may have a rapid and intensive effect on the psychology of the individual and his/her sense of world. Relevant studies in the literature also imply such results. Since ʿumra is both a journey and a collective worship, it involves many types of worship, such as praying, reading scripture, repentance and so on. The findings of this study were discussed with reference to the findings about pilgrimage and the findings of study of meaning in life and hopelessness in different samples. On the other hand, the conditions in which the data collected, the study group chosen, the instruments and techniques used for this research constitute the limitations of the present study. However, the time period in which the worship was practiced and reaching the participants in these places of worship, and the measurement of the level meaning in life and hopelessness associated with their worship of ʿumra indicates the importance and originality of this research. The results can be used in other research projects. Studies on the different psychological effects of ʿumra worship can be enriched by longitudinal investigations. (shrink)

The history of mental illnesses is as old as human history. Mental disorders are affected by changing social and cultural factors during the historical process, and have been conceptually restructured and their definitions and classifications have been changed. The evolution of obssessive-compulsive disorders with roots as old as human history into modern concepts took place in the 19th century. The first scientific views on the spiritual origin of OCD belong to S. Freud. Freud observed that mental causes in OCD are (...) different from other mental disorders, and he examined obsession as a separate and specific disorder. Over time, it has been understood that OCD is a very common disorder. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has classified OCD under an independent title in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) by removing it from the category of anxiety disorders. OCD is a mental disorder caused by mental actions such as obsessive thoughts (obsessions) and / or repetitive and compulsive behaviors (compulsion). The patient is often aware that such thoughts and behaviors are irrational and absurd. For this reason, he tries to get away obsessive thoughts that he finds contrary to his beliefs, opinions, moral values and logic from his mind. However, as he tries, obsessive thoughts become more and more frequent and create a great anxiety in the person. This time, the patient resorts to compulsions to alleviate the anxiety he feels or to get rid of it completely. As his compulsions repeat, his anxiety increases and he goes into a vicious circle. There are many symptom subgroups of OCD that seriously worsen the quality of life of the individual. One of these, and even the most overwhelming, is religious obsessions. It has been thought that there has been a relationship between religion and OCD for a long time in the psychology literature, and some remarkable studies have been conducted to clarify this relationship. Although there are many research findings showing that religion is an indispensable element in the protection of the mental health integrity of the individual, some forms of religious understanding and some experiences gained as a result of religious experiences may affect the concerns about OCD. This stage of religiosity is closely related to some sub-symptom groups of OCD. The explanations of the founder of the psychoanalytic method, Freud psychoanalytic method, and his followers made a great contribution to the understanding of OCD. However, since the psychoanalytic method exhibits a theoretically reductionist approach to religion, it is possible that the individual's devotion to religion is initially evaluated as a pathology or at least an important obstacle to insight. Today, cognitive behavioral psychotherapies are considered the most effective psychological treatment method for OCD, but their success rates in the treatment of religious OCD are low. Since religious OCD concerns often involve spiritual issues rather than concrete repeatable situations, behavioral methods can be quite difficult to apply in the treatment of religious OCD. Therefore, traditional psychotherapy approaches, even if they are not openly against religions, are insufficient to relieve the suffering in the lives of individuals with religious obsessions, as they generally neglect the religious dimension. Due to the vacuum that arises from restricting spiritual treatments to secular approaches, religious patients are threatened by the illegal practices of people who abuse religious feelings. Clinically, religious obsessions are more worrying and overwhelming. Therefore, their treatment is more difficult than others. Selective approaches that use different scientific disciplines together in the treatment of OCD and can stretch around religious beliefs and values can create more effective treatment models. Thus, the success rate in the treatment of religious OCD can be carried to higher levels thanks to the appropriate cooperation of the disciplines of medicine, psychology and theology. There is a rich religious cultural heritage that can support this collaboration in terms of theological disciplines. As an example, Abū Zayd al-Balkhī (d. 322/934), in his Maṣāliḥ al-abdān wa-l-anfus, probably made a clear distinction between neuroses and psychosis and classified neurotic disorders for the first time about ten centuries before Freud. In this study, the importance of approaching to religious obsessions as both a psychological disorder and a theological problem is emphasized. For this reason, cooperation of psychiatric and psychological approaches with spiritual counseling and guidance is recommended in the treatment of religious OCD. The difficulty in distinguishing whether the symptoms seen in a religious person are normal, natural religious thoughts and behaviors of religious life or abnormal appearances in the religious guise necessitates this interdisciplinary cooperation. (shrink)

This study has focused on the mystical experience which is one of the most important topics of psychology of religion, but it is a subject not examined enough in Turkey and also tried to determine the relationship between personality traits and personality. Data were collected from 345 students who were studying at Erciyes University Faculty of Theology by questionnaire method. “The Mysticism Scale”which is developed by Ralph Hood and widely used in international literature to measure the mystical experience and “HEXACO (...) Personality Inventory”were used to measure the personality traits of students. In addition to descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of the sample, The Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation Analysis, Independent Sample t-Test and One-Way ANOVA techniques were used in the analysis. Findings show that participants have the highest average to Positive Affect and the lowest average to Temporal/Spatial Quality factor. In addition, they obtained close values in Ego Quality, Noetic Quality and Ineffability factors. When the students were evaluated in terms of gender, it was seen that there was a difference in level of significance only in terms of Unifying Quality. ANOVA analysis was carried out to determine whether there was any variation in class variable. As a result of this analysis, it is seen that all of the factors are significantly differentiated in terms of class variable. There is no difference in level of significance between age and mystical experience factors, the last independent variable. When looked at the correlations among mystical experience factors, it is understood that all of the factors are in a meaningful relationship with each other. Among the six factors of HEXACO, the students have the highest average on Humility-Honesty; the lowest average on eXtraversion. In terms of gender, there is a statistically significant difference in the level of Humility-Honesty, Emotionality, and Conscientiousness. There is no significant difference between class and age variables and personality traits. According to Linear Regression analysis, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience factors of personality traits are predictive of mystical experience in a statistically significant level. Summary: The fact that the mystical experience is a repetitive phenomenon in different social, cultural and religious structures in different periods and has a mysterious element in it has caused that mysticism has taken its place among the basic subjects of the field since the first periods of psychology of religion. One of the sections of The Varieties of Religious Experience, which is regarded as the main source of the area, is mysticism. In general, "mystical experience" is considered as a subcategory of "religious experience", which is a wider area. For this reason, it also carries the characteristics of religious experience. Due to these common features, it can be seen that they are used in place of each other in the literature.If the religious experience is defined as the experience of the individual at the time of encounter with the sacred, such experience can be obtained in two ways. In the “religion-based mystical experience”, which is the first way, institutional or established religious thoughts and understandings and holly writings are influential. The second way, “non-religious or natural mystical experience”, can be said to be spiritual quests that individual needs play an important role in them are effective.Personality is used as one of the basic variables in social and health sciences in general, and in psychology because it is among the main subjects in particular. The common emphasis of research on personality is that the phenomenon is extremely complicated. Despite its widespread use, the abstraction of the concept has been influenced by the diversity of the researchers' perspectives and this has led to a lack of clear consensus on the definition. However, in order to investigate the phenomenon in recent periods, dimensional approaches that their basic assumption is personality can be categorized under certain factors have begun to be preferred. In this study, HEXACO was used, because it was thought that it could make a more detailed measurement of personality.The sample of this study is composed of 345 students studying at Erciyes University Theology Faculty in 2017-2018 academic year. When looked at the gender distribution of the sample, the rate of male students was 21.2% (n=73); and the rate of female students was 78.8% (n=272). This reflects the current situation in the faculty. The average age was 21,13 (sd=1,761). The age range is 18-26. Class distribution was 23,5% (n = 81) in Preparatory class; 15.4% (n = 53) in first-grade; 19.4% (n = 67) in second-grade; 18.3% (n=63) in third grade (n = 63); and 23.5% (n = 81) in the fourth grade. It has been noted that distributions are homogeneous in terms of class variables.The "Mystical Experience Scale" which is developed by Ralph W. Hood to measure the criteria which are offered by Walter T. Stace and which must be in the mystical experience has been used in determining the tendency of mystical experience. Hood et al. have reported reasonable reliabilities for subscales based on 3-factor solution. Alpha coefficients of the original scale were,76,,69, and,76 for the extrovertive mysticism, introvertive mysticism and religious interpretation respectively. The adaptation of the scale to Turkish culture and the validity and reliability study were carried out by Mehmet Süheyl Unal as a graduate thesis and it was stated that the Alpha coefficient was,89. In this study, the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of scale is,91. HEXACO, developed by Lee and Ashton, was used to determine personality traits. The scale was adapted to Turkish by Wasti, Lee, Ashton and Somer. The scale consists of Honesty-humility (H), Emotionality (E), eXtraversion (X), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to experience (O) factors.Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation Analysis was performed to determine if there is a relationship between mystical experience tendencies and personality traits when the data were analyzed in accordance with the aim of the study. Later, it was tried to determine the power of explaining the variables with Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. In addition, One-way ANOVA was used to determine whether there was any relationship between significance levels. Moreover, descriptive statistics of relevant variables are included in the study.Findings show that participants have the highest average to Positive Affect (m=3,69; sd.=,77) and the lowest average to Temporal/Spatial Quality (m=2,94; sd.=,89) factor in terms of mystical experience. Additively, they obtained close values in Ego Quality, Noetic Quality and Ineffability factors. When the students were evaluated in terms of gender, it was seen that there was a difference in level of significance only in terms of Unifying Quality (t=1,770; p=,028). ANOVA analysis was carried out to determine whether there was any variation in class variable. As a result of this analysis, it is seen that all of the factors are significantly differentiated in terms of class variable. From the standing point of class variable, it is seen that the first grades differed negatively compared to the other classes. According to the data, the scores on the mystical experience scale for preparation and first grade are high while the averages for the next grade are falling. There is no difference on level of significance between age and mystical experience factors, the last independent variable. When looked at the correlations among mystical experience factors, it is understood that all of the factors are in a meaningful relationship with each other. The highest correlation is between Religious Quality and Ineffability (r=,661); the lowest correlation is between the Unifying Quality and the Temporal/Spatial Quality (r=,346).Among the six factors of HEXACO that have been developed to determine the personality traits, the students have the highest average on Humility-Honesty (m=3,76; sd.=,55); the lowest average on eXtraversion (m=3,04; sd.=0,65). In terms of gender, there is a statistically significant difference in factors of Humility-Honesty (t=,606; p=,004), Emotionality (t=,334; p=,000), and Constientiousness (t=,022; p=,033). There is no significant difference between class and age variables and personality traits. According to Linear Regression analysis, Agreeableness, Constientiousness and Openness to Experience factors of personality traits are predictive of mystical experience in a significant level statistically.Personality dimensions that are most related to mystical experience as a result of analysis are Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience. When the mystical experience is compared with the personality traits, it is concluded that Openness to Experience factor is related to all the factors of the mystical experience except for the Ineffability. Although the relationship is regarded as weak in terms of correlation, it is an important finding that there are positive relations in between. In other words, as personality traits evolve, the mystical experience level also increases. The lack of a similar work in the literature in this respect removes the possibility of making comparisons. (shrink)

There are basic traffic rules as well as rules that must be followed personally and socially. Depending on the drivers, positive and negative behaviors occur in traffic. Because of negative behaviors in traffic, there are loss of life and property, as well as moral/psychological prob-lems. It is seen that moral behavior, empathy and religious values are important in traffic. There are many studies that reveal the relationship between religiousness, traffic behaviors, and empathy. It can be predicted that there are relationships (...) between religiosity, driver behav-ior and empathy. Moreover, according to studies based on correlation relations, it can be stated that those with high religiousness, inner religiosity and empathy scores are more careful and respectful in traffic. Empathic tendencies and religious values might lead to be more civilized, more respectful, and to comply with the traffic rules. The aim of the current study was to analyze the relationship between religiosity, traffic behavior, and empathy. Under the guidance of literature, the following hypotheses were tested: There is a differentiation in traffic errors and violations and positive driver behavior by gender. Positive driver behaviors and traffic errors and violations differ according to the accident rate. There is a statistically positive rela-tionship between religiousness and empathy and positive driver behavior. There is a negative relationship between religiousness and traffic errors and violations. Religiousness predicts empathetic tendencies and positive driver behavior. Empathy mediates in the relationship between religiosity and positive driver behavior. Research methods of the current study were documentation and relational survey method. Data collection was made by means of various social media and messengers etc. A total of 201 volunteers participated in the current study. According to gender, 104 (51.7%) of the partici-pants were men and 97 (48.3%) were women. The age range of the sample varied between 20 and 58 and the average age is 33. 199 (99%) of the participants had a driver’s license, 2 (1%) had not any driver’s license. In terms of accident rates, 100 of the participants (49.8%) had an accident, 101 of them (50.2%) never had an accident. The data was analyzed using SPSS and AMOS program. Descriptive analysis, t-test, Pearson correlation test, multiple regression based on structural equation model, intermediate variable analysis, and reliability analysis tests were performed in the analyzes. The questionnaire of the study consisted of the personal infor-mation form and the consent form created by the researcher, the driver behavior scale devel-oped by Reason et al., adapted to Turkish by Sümer et al., the positive driver behavior scale developed by Özkan and Lajunen, the empathic tendency scale developed by Dökmen and the religiousness scale developed by Ayten. According to gender, there is a statistically significant differentiation in terms of traffic errors and violations (t (199) = 4.731; p 0.001), and errors and violations (β = -, 120; p> 0.001). Regarding the regression weights according to the structural equation model, in terms of relationships between varia-bles, it is not statistically eligible to analyze the mediator. (shrink)

The aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between religious coping, problematic social media use and loneliness. According to demographic variables as well as descriptive statistics, differences in religious coping, problematic social media use and loneliness variables were discussed in this study. Religious coping has been investigated in two dimensions as positive religious coping and negative religious coping. The sample of the study consists of 440 people. 152 of the participants are men and 288 are women. The (...) age range of the sample varies between 18-65 and the average age of the sample is 24.10. According to the marital status, 201 of the participants are married and 239 are single. Documentation and relational survey method were used in the study. SPSS, AMOS and SPSS Process Macro programs were used in the analysis of the research. In the study, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, regression analysis and mediation analysis were performed to test the hypotheses created depending on the literature. (shrink)

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin tevbe kavramına ilişkin sahip oldukları algıları metaforlar aracılığıyla ortaya çıkarmaktır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden olgubilim (fenomenoloji) modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2023-2024 eğitim-öğretim yılı güz döneminde Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi ve Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi’nin çeşitli fakültelerinde öğrenim gören toplam 196 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veriler Google Form aracılığı ile toplanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak çalışmada kişisel bilgi formu ve “Tevbe....(metafor)…benzer, çünkü....(metafor sebebi)” cümlelerinin kullanıldığı yarı yapılandırılmış bir anket formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi ve yorumlanmasında içerik analizi tekniğinden (...) yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda 196 üniversite öğrencisi tarafından 70 farklı metafor üretildiği bulgulanmıştır. Araştırmada tevbe kavramına ilişkin üretilen metaforlarla ilgili tevbenin dinî işlevi ve tevbenin psikolojik işlevi olmak üzere 2 tema oluşturulmuştur. Tevbenin dinî işlevi temasına (%60,2) ait 3 kod oluşturulmuştur: Manevî arınma yolu, kutsalla buluşma ve iyi davranışlarda kararlılık. Tevbenin psikolojik işlevi temasına (%39,8) ait olarak da 3 kod oluşturulmuştur. Bu kodlar; psikolojik rahatlama, yeni bir başlangıç ve kendisiyle yüzleşmedir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre metaforların manevî arınma yolu, kendisiyle yüzleşme ve yeni bir başlangıç kodlarında yoğunlaştığı tespit edilmiştir. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of religiosity on psychological well-being via meta-analytical method. In addition, the presence of moderator variables that may cause the influence quantity which was calculated as a result of meta-analytical process, is analysed. For these aims, studies that are suitable for the criterion of choice were identified. Within this context, without applying a criterion for date, the influence quantity of 10 thesis studies were calculated, which analyse the correlation between religiosity and (...) psychological well-being, and which include the number of samples used in meta-analysis and the number of pearson correlation coefficient (r) valu. Regarding the theses included in this study, 3 (30%) of them doctoral theses and 7(70%) of them are master’s theses. The number of people in samples is 5.914, 3.848 (65,06%) of which are from doctoral, and 2.066 (34,94%) of which are from master’s theses. For the analysis of the data, CMA (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0) statistical package program was used. The publication bias of the researches covered in this study was analysed via “Funnel Plot Graphic”, “Classic fail-safe N”, “Begg and Mazumdar rank correlations” and “Egger’s regression test” statistics methods. As a result of these statistical analyses, no evidence of publication bias has been found. Heterogeneity test was conducted to identify which model is to be used in measuring the influence quantity of the researches included in the study. The Q(sd=9) statistical value for its heterogeneity was measured as 114,90 (p0,05). According to this, it was concluded that the sample groups in the studies covered in the meta-analysis did not have a moderator role in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being. In addition, the average influence quantity for scientific publication types in Fisher’s z is respectively.193 for PhD, and.118 for master’s degree. The average influence quantity for these subsample groups was not considered to be statistically significant (QB=0,384; p>0,05), either. In other words, the type of publication does not play a moderator role in the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being. (shrink)

"Spiritual well-being" was coined in 1971 and has since become a popular concept in modern psychology studies. Multidimensional investigations covering the concept's structure, theoretical foundations, interaction areas, and development, on the other hand, have been limited. In response to this scarcity, the research aims to examine the concept of "spiritual well-being" from all of these perspectives. It also seeks to provide a new definition of "spiritual well-being." Another contribution of the study to the "spiritual well-being" literature is that it attempts (...) to explain the framework and theoretical basis of the term. This study was mostly based on an analysis of relevant literature. Literature data on how the thought began and developed were gathered for this purpose. The semantical relationship between "well-being" and "spirituality" is investigated. Following that, the concept's content, areas of interaction, approaches, and theoretical foundations with which it is closely associated were defined as well as the concept's relationship with spirituality was stressed. Some works in the subject's literature have also been analytically evaluated, with a particular emphasis on their contributions to the enhanced relationship of "spiritual well-being" with other domains, as well as the conceptualization process of it. The research findings characterize spiritual well-being as the acquisition of well-being from spiritual areas to which individuals related. The contributions of spirituality to "well-being" underline the significance of "spiritual well-being" in the Psychology of Religion. "Spiritual well-being" is a concept used to determine the original reflections and good effects of these contributions on individuals, as well as to measure various types of "well-being.". (shrink)

The aim of this article is to reveal with an overall approach, how the psycho-social background, starting from woman image in first periods and reach modern day, is embraced by outstanding theorists of modern psychology, and also how these collected works are reflected in their definitions of woman. If it is considered that woman has been discussed with reflections against and not from primary sources throughout history, it can be seen that the most essential roots of woman narrations can be (...) found in oral culture and the parts of written texts are made over symbol, metaphor, proposition and story. However myths (stories) that take place in oral and partly written culture about primitive man, are sacred tales, they will also present data regarding human image. Therefore with a limited effort of human being to understand the infinite, it can be understood what human being think, feel and how they interpret rather than gods/goddesses ontology. From this point of view, this article that consists of two parts, first of all will mention especially about perception of Goddess in those reflected to image of God, maintaining its efficiency in conscious or unconscious as a system of symbols intrinsic to human nature and cultural code background and then the woman image will be roughly discussed with a descriptive style over the world of mythology, psychology and faith. In the second part, it will be examined in detail how all the written and oral information about understanding woman by modern anthropologists are interpreted with the perspective of modern psychology specific to theorists such as Freud, Jung and Fromm. Eventually, it will be emphasized that past and future are integrated with information, experience and feelings with an active relationship; perception and approach of woman have stayed up to date in time continually; mythology, psychology and religion are important factors within this matter.Summary: Human being has also used historical, temporal and spatial attributions for God. Infinite human being has expressed their thoughts about the finite God by analogy. Despite the dominance of male gender in the images of God in these analogies which are the products of human experience, female Gods that is to say Goddesses are not few. The matter of how the image of goddess come to the fore in a distinctly male-dominant society is a noteworthy matter. The narration of Earth Mother over female symbol in myths in which the harmony is constantly secured within the inner and exterior world and mention about living in harmony with the universe is an important data in order to understand female characteristics attributed to God. Human being has also used historical, temporal and spatial attributions for God. Infinite human being has expressed their thoughts about the finite God by analogy.The woman subject is influenced by transferred life experience within the historical process, and it is an undeniable fact that ancient “woman perception” has reflections to the present day. Within the history of humanity, striking definitions about woman can be seen in sacred statements in symbol language. Therefore, it is proper to examine primarily the image of sacred and then examine female meaning that is charged on that image. The aim of this study can be summed up with two themes: a) try to understand the general framework of reflections of the present image of woman, style of narration and comprehension in psychological, sociological, and religious terms by getting help from myths which mention about ancient image of God, although there is centuries old difference between those stories and us, b) reveal the image of woman in Freud, Jung, and Fromm’s approach which establishes a bond between mythology that is a system of symbols special to human nature and human psychology and discuss this subject by using psychology of religion.When reviewed ancient Far East and Middle East myths and also Ancient Greek mythology, it can be seen that gods are not cloistered supernatural beings who do not have abstract personalities and also do not lead a wholly metaphysic life. The crucial issue here is; the reality that Gods and Goddesses are shown as a model to both man and woman. Psychologists who examine religion in terms of psychology state that first outcomes about the image of God come up not with behavior but with emotion. The attributions of gender, related to the emotion in question are cited during the transfer of those emotions as well. Therefore; philosophers, culture and religion historians, theologians, anthropologists, archaeologists, psychologists, and sociologists have contributed to this transfer when they discuss the cult of God or Goddess throughout the history. It is interesting that the usage of the term of God maintains while the usage of the term of Goddess decreases. Civilization historians claim that the appearance of divine religions particularly quickens the course of transition from goddess to god. According to them, during this period in which there is a transfer from polytheist image of God to monotheist image of God, the quantitative change in the perception of God comes with a qualitative change. According to Fromm, during this power gathering period, there has been a transfer from mother and feminine (woman) centered religion to father and masculine (man) centered religious experience/ God image. According to him, in the second stage of humanity development, “the children of Earth Mother turn into the children of divine father”, there is a transition from unconditional love of mother to authoritarian sympathy of father, from an image of supplemental and surrounding Goddess to authoritarian image of God who makes requests by his nature, lays down principles and laws, and supports the power and search for a successor to deliver the power.The perception of women who led to Prophet Adam deviated from the truth and expelled from heaven is spread around especially the regions of one-God religions. This has strengthened the idea that divine religions have a negative view towards women. Including Islam, the reason of all divine religions’ encountering with claims that they have a negative approach against woman stem from applying to that religions’ human resources rather than essential religious sources which are existing or lost earliest forms.Oedipus complex is an important thesis of Freud which explains the development of religion and morals; establish the base of his psychology, and in fact, important in terms of his making connection with difference of kinds and flow or non-flow of request and needs while explaining human behaviors. According to Freud who points to sexuality and aggression which are the most powerful two instinct in the biology of male or female; the first three or five years of a newly born human- this is the period in which the basic part of personality is formed- the definition of self is extremely influenced by his/her gender (in both biological and sociocultural terms). Freud who put forward father-son conflict in the struggle to survive between Zeus and his sons in Moses and Monotheism (1998c) and Totem and Taboo (1998a), makes an explanation about the origin of religion and humanity over two male characters. Jung pays attention to goddess image as much as the image of god and do not approach this situation only as a polytheism or sociocultural explanation or childish appearances of a primitive mind. He accepts goddesses as a reflection of archetypes in human. Male has a feminine side, female has a masculine side, and a unity occurs when both complete each other. According to Fromm, a taxonomy referring to woman and man is primarily a sociology-based approach rather than a biology-based one. Fromm (1995) thinks that the whole depiction shows individuals’ own desire and needs, that is to say, their psychology rather than a theology. Transition from mother (woman) centered religion to father (man) centered religious experience and God image is essentially one of the most important breaking/inversion points of human being, not humanity. As a result, it can be said that it is an important point to clearly understand the story of mankind to examine that intense freshness at hand and centeredness of quantitative and qualitative changes of divine or God image of ancient societies come down after psychological, sociological, religious, economic, political, and cultural changes. (shrink)

The aim of this study, which is a field reseach, is to determine the level of religiosity and subjective well-being (SWB) of patients with chronic renal failure who are receiving hemodialysis treatment with a descriptive approach and by using socio-psychological methods and to try to determine the relationship between their religiosity and subjective well-being. The sample of the study consists of 205 individuals who were determined by stratified random sampling method from the patients treated in Turkish Ministry of Health, Hitit (...) University Çorum Erol Olçok Training and Research Hospital and Çorum District Dialysis Units. 54.1% (n=111) of the participants are males and 45.9% (n=94) are females. Data was collected via a “Religiosity Inventory”, developed by Kula, and “Subjective Well-Being Scale”, developed by Dost, to determine participants’ religiosity and subjective well-being as well as a personal information form to determine demographic characteristics. Statistical analysis of the data showed significant differences and relationships between demographic variables, religiosity, and subjective well-being. Moreover, a statistically significant relationship between the levels of religiousness and subjective well-being of the participants was found and that religiosity accounts for 31.9% of subjective well-being variance. The findings of the study show that the major hypotheses and sub-hypotheses have statistically been validated and that religiosity is a significant and important predictor of subjective well-being.Summary: Throughout history, existential questions and the answers sought for these questions have remained important for human beings. Human beings have always wondered about life, meaning of life, death, after death and pursued meaning systems that will satisfy this curiosity. While various thinkers and philosophers put forward opinions about the secrets of life; religion has presented the transcendent dimension to the individual as a source of meaning. Thus, the individual has found the definitive answer to many of his questions about existence in religion, and this sense of certainty has contributed positively to his psychological well-being. However, human beings may also face disasters, diseases or adversities in the natural flow of life and sometimes unexpectedly, such situations make them desperate. Desperation creates a feeling of loneliness in the person and this can trigger a sense of meaninglessness for him. The feeling of vacuum in the inner world of the individual who struggles with difficulty or the sense of meaninglessness somehow affects his subjective well-being.From this perspective the subject of the study is the effect of religiosity levels on subjective well-being of individuals who are struggling with chronic renal failure and have experienced a compelling treatment process such as hemodialysis. The aim of this study is to determine the level of religiosity and subjective well-being of these patients. The sample of the study consists of 205 individuals who were determined by stratified random sampling method from the patients treated in Turkish Ministry of Health, Hitit University Çorum Erol Olçok Training and Research Hospital and Çorum District Dialysis Units.The major hypothesis of the study is “The religiosity levels of hemodialysis patients have a significant effect on their subjective well-being.” Further sub-hypotheses are as follows: 1. Women’s religiosity is higher than men’s. 2. There is a significant relationship between the perception of subjective happiness and religiosity levels of the participants. The subjective happiness perception levels of the individuals with high religiosity scores are also high. 3. There is no significant difference between the SWB levels of the participants according to gender variable. 4. There is a significant relationship between the perception of subjective religiosity and SWB levels of participants. According to this; subjective well-being increases as the person’s self-religious perception levels increase.5. There is a significant positive relationship between the religiosity scores of the participants and SWB scores. 6. Religiosity is a significant predictor of subjective well-being. Thus; the SWB level is expected to increase as the religiosity scores increase.The data of the study was obtained by using Personal Information Form prepared by the researcher, Kula’s Religiosity Inventory and Dost’s Subjective Well-Being Scale. The study was conducted in hospitals. After getting the necessary legal permissions and consent of the patients, the patients were informed about the study and the study was conducted on a voluntary basis. The questionnaires were applied by the researcher in person through face-to-face interviews with patients in hospitals, sometimes on weekdays and sometimes on Saturdays. Together with the physician of the hemodialysis unit, district hospitals were visited to reach the target group receiving treatment in these districts.In accordance with the relational screening model, the data of the study was analyzed with SPSS 16.0 package program. The mean (x̄) and standard deviation (ss) scores of the Religiosity Inventory and Subjective Well-Being Scale were calculated according to independent variables and tables were created. The significance of the difference between the two means obtained from two independent sample groups was determined by independent samples t-test for independent samples. One-way Varayns analysis (ANOVA) was used to test hypotheses about whether there was a difference between the means of more than two sample groups. In case of significant differences between means, LSD test and Tamhane’s T2 test from post-hoc multiple comparison tests were usedand the direction of the differences were determined as such. To determine the relationship between two continuous variables, religiosity and subjective well-being, Pearson Moments Correlation Analysis technique was used, and Simple Linear Regression analysis was performed to determine how much religiosity explains the changes observed in the dependent variable. The significance of the obtained statistics was tested at 0.05 level and bidirectional and the analysis values were presented in sequential tables in accordance with the purpose of the research. It is possible to summarize the findings of the study as follows:• 45.9% (n=94) of the sample are women and 54.1% (n=111) are men. According to subjective evaluations, 55.6% of the sample considers themselves as happy and very happy and 79.5% defines themselves as religious and very religious. According to the findings, subjective religiosity perception is higher in patients than subjective happiness perception. • The sample group has a high level of religiosity ( x̄ =4,3713).• There is a significant difference between gender and general religiosity (t=2,933; p=,004; p 0.05). However there is a difference in the SWB averages of male and female participants, women scored higher (x̄=3,8309) in SWB than men (x̄=3,7135). • A significant relationship has been found between subjective religiosity perception and SWB level of the sample (F=12,345; p=,000, p<0.05). SWB levels increased with increasing subjective religiosity. Further, there is a significant relationship between “slightly religious” (x̄=3,3439), “religious” (x̄=3,7737) and “very religious” (x̄=4,1363) groups and SWB level. There is also a steady increase in the mean scores of SWB from “not at all religious” to “very religious”. • A positive and moderately significant relationship has been found between general religiosity and general SWB (r=,565, p<0.01). • According to the results of regression analysis to determine whether total religiosity in HD patients is a significant predictor of subjective well-being; religiosity explaines 31.9% of the variance in subjective well-being. This result shows that one of the important determinants of SWB in HD patients is religiousness. Religiosity is a significant and important predictor of subjective well-being, and increased religiosity directly affects the SWB levels of HD patients. In addition, the basic hypothesis and sub-hypotheses were validated statistically at the end of the study. (shrink)

Since the emergence of psychology, its relation with religion has been inconsistent. Their different sources and methodologies but common aims made them close or distanced. Today these disciplines acknowledged and learned to benefit from each other. The affect of religion/spirituality on human’s lives raised the attention of psychology and required the integration of these into psychotherapy. In order to approach the psychology-religion relation via the traces of religion within psychotherapy the paper deals with the necessity, the knowledge needed, the principles (...) when integrating religious/spiritual principles and practices into psychotherapy; finally the religious traces in psychotherapy. The paper comprises few Turkish examples together with the huge body of theoretical and practical examples on the topic. These theories and practices should be important examples for Turkey. By addressing the religious traces in psychotherapy the aim of the paper is to show that the cliff between psychology and religion is in fact not that deep.SummaryIt can be argued that psychology and religion have common interests relating the well-being of individuals. There is a huge body of research that emphasizes the implementation and necessity of cultural, religious, spiritual principles in professional psychology. The proprium of these models is to integrate the client’s religious/spiritual sources into therapy. Especially religious clients benefit from therapies that define their treatment goals around their religious views. However, it must be considered that if the disorder has a biological dimension and/or is severe psychopathologic pure religious interventions will not be sufficient. This paper traces the religious/spiritual principles within psychotherapies and shows that the cliff between religion and psychology is not that deep.At different places in the world therapy is done according to western standards. However, determining mental health or disorders according to western criteria might be problematic. In societies in which religious/spiritual life is an essential part of culture, religion plays a crucial role in people’s perception of disease and treatment. In mental health, spirituality is an important and primary source for coping. Empirical studies reveal the positive outcomes of religious practices such as personal prayer, repentance, meditation, and dhikir on mental and physical health. In light of this data it becomes clear that psychotherapies should be revised socio-culturally and culturally sensitive psychotherapies that cover belief and religious practices should be developed. Another need for the integration of religion, belief, and spirituality with psychotherapy is the significant effect of these experiences on individual’s lives. With regard to the broad impact of religion, psychological interventions solely might not be sufficient to fulfill human psychological needs. As studies show, religious clients expect religious practices in treatment as well as a therapist who is open and respectful to religious principles, ready to talk about own religious beliefs, willing to integrate religious matters into therapy. To fulfill these expectations therapists, need to be trained and educated in religious/spiritual matters. Additionally, the therapist must acknowledge and be conscious about her/his own worldview, religious commitment, and spiritual life. However, the therapist needs not to be religious him/herself or share the same religion as the client. It is sufficient that the therapist is open and receptive to the client’s beliefs so that these can be used as effective sources in therapy. Spiritual psychotherapy considers spirituality as one of the main sources of clients. Thus, it might be critical when the therapist has poor knowledge about religion when the client considers it as significant. This source might be helpful for the client in coping with his/her problems and limitations. Having knowledge about the client’s religion and culture might also be important to acknowledge his/her perceptions and beliefs. Because individuals’ understanding of disease, their beliefs about reasons for mental disorders, their expectations from the health system are important factors in seeking help and choosing therapy.Therapists who decide to integrate spiritual/religious principles into psychotherapy have to adhere to some ethical principles. The source and the degree of the psychological disorder are important, too. Even though the efficacy of religious rituals and spiritual interventions are extensive in each case it has to be investigated whether religiosity/spirituality is part of the problem or the solution. Certain aspects will guide the therapist in deciding whether to integrate religiosity/spirituality into the therapy process or not. Additionally, he/she has to gather information about the client’s religious/spiritual life (spiritual anamneses) in order to choose the most appropriate religious method and intervention. Today psychotherapy deals with coping, questions about the meaning, purpose, and way of life. Actually, these are issues with which religious traditions has dealt and proposed solutions for thousands of years ago. For example, ethical principles for mental health professionals correspond to those of religious teachings. The attitudes and the type of relationship recommended by the client-centered approach are also commended by religious teachings for all human relations. Beginning with the 1960’s an increasing interest in Buddhist teachings is observable among psychotherapists. Mental exercises (especially meditation) cause transformations in the self-perception and lead to enduring changes in consciousness. Religions such as Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism recommend meditation technics like contemplation, dhikr, and yoga. Confession in the Catholic Church has similarities with psychotherapeutic catharsis. Many cultures own one kind of forgiveness rituals of confessions. As studies report people benefit from these rituals. Forgiveness is a multifaceted issue with psychological and spiritual dimensions and involves cognitive, emotional, relational, and spiritual processes. Research indicates the religious and psychological functions of forgiveness. Many subjects such as personal prayer, hope, empathy, love, and tolerance are common issues of both, psychotherapy and religion/spirituality. Different psychotherapeutic approaches and especially positive psychology integrate these values that are valued by religion/spirituality into their theories and practices.In conclusion, the cliff between psychology and religion/spirituality is not that deep at it seems at first sight. They have many subjects in common. Individuals turn to religion and spirituality in times of crises. This makes it inevitable to include religion and spirituality into the therapeutic process. Because religions provide ways of coping, hope, and meaning in difficult times. This fact is recognized and accepted abroad and lead to the religious/spiritual psychotherapy movement, which will hopefully an inspiration for Turkish psychology as well. (shrink)

Kültürleri ve inanışları farklı insanların etkileşimi üzerinde gelişen turizm, özellikle ekonomik getirileri nedeniyle pek çok yerel ve ulusal yönetici tarafından öncelikli sektörler arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak, turizm gelişimi ekonomik unsurların ötesinde çevresel ve sosyo-kültürel pek çok etki de oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu etkilerin yerel halk tarafından algılanışında etkin olan pek çok unsur incelenmiş olmakla birlikte dindarlığın etkisi çok az araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, toplumsal ve bireysel düşünce ve davranışlar üzerinde önemli bir etken olan dindarlık hususunun turizmin sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında etkin olup olmadığının incelendiği (...) bu çalışma, alanyazına katkı sunabilecek boyuttadır. Çalışma kapsamında nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği benimsenmiş olup veri, Muğla Menteşe ilçesinde ikamet eden 528 bireyden elde edilmiştir. Çok değişkenli istatistik analiz yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ile yol analizi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, dindarlık algısı arttıkça olumsuz sosyo-kültürel etkilerin daha kuvvetli algılandığını ancak dindarlık ile olumlu sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı arasında bağlantı bulunmadığını vurgulamaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, turizm planlaması ve gelişimini sürecinde yerel halkın inançlarının da göz önünde bulundurulmasının gerekliliğini işaret etmektedir. Özet: İnsanların aynı değerler etrafında toplanmalarını ve grup halinde hareket etmelerini sağlayan inanç sistemi veya toplumda birlikte yaşayan bireylerin ilişki ve sorumluluklarını belirlemek için düzenlenmiş inanç, uygulama, ritüel ve semboller sistemi olarak tanımlanabilecek olan din, en yaygın ve etkili sosyal kurumlardan olmasının ötesinde hem birey hem de toplumların tutumlarını, değerlerini ve davranışlarını etkilemesi nedeniyle, özellikle son yıllarda, sıklıkla incelenmektedir. Bireylerin dini bir gruba veya kurallara bağlılık dereceleri olarak tanımlanabilecek dindarlık ise dinsel öğelerin bir kişinin yaşamı üzerindeki etkinliğini ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Tıp, antropoloji, psikoloji, sosyoloji gibi bilim dallarında yapılan çalışmalarda dindarlık ile mutluluk ve bedensel / ruhsal sağlık arasında genellikle olumlu bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Turizm alanında yapılan çalışmalarda ise, din, yoğunlukla inanç turizmi veya turistlerin tercihleri üzerindeki etkisi kapsamında ele alınmış ve dini turizmin planlanması ve kutsal alanların yönetimi, turizmin dini bölgelerdeki etkileri, hacıların seyahat motivasyonu ve seyahat şekilleri ile turistlerin dini ihtiyaçları gibi konulara odaklanılmıştır. Kültürleri ve inanışları farklı insanların etkileşimi üzerinde gelişen turizm, özellikle ekonomik getirileri nedeniyle pek çok yerel ve ulusal yönetici tarafından öncelikli sektörler arasında değerlendirilmektedir. Turizm gelişimi ekonomik unsurların ötesinde çevresel ve sosyo-kültürel pek çok etki de oluşturmaktadır. Yerel halk, turizmin gelişmesi ve sürdürülebilirliği açısından önem arz etmekte olup yerel halkın turizmin etkilerine yönelik algıları sıklıkla araştırılan konular arasında yer almaktadır. Topluma ve/veya mekâna aidiyet duygusu, destinasyonun ve/veya turizm sektörünün gelişim düzeyi, turizmin ekonomi içindeki önemi, destinasyonun turizme ekonomik bağımlılığı, turizm sektöründe istihdam edilmek gibi ekonomik unsurlar veya sosyo-demografik özellikler gibi pek çok değişkenin yerel halkın turizm algısındaki etkileri incelenmiş olmakla birlikte dindarlığın etkisi çok az araştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda, özellikle dini bölgelerde yaşayan yerel halk ve çoğunlukla din adamlarının algıları araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, yerel halkın bölgeye dini amaçlarla gelen ziyaretçiler (hacılar) ile turistleri ayırdığını ve hacıların turistlere oranla daha fazla kabul gördüğünü vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, turistlerin alanın ve yapıların kutsallığını, güvenliğini, dekorunu tehdit ettiği ve turistlerin taleplerinin dini uygulamalara zarar verdiği algısının yaygın olduğu, hatta turizmin kendi kültürleri ve dinleri için tehdit olarak görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Kutsal alanlar dışında kalan turizm destinasyonlarında ikamet eden yerel halkın görüşlerinin araştırıldığı çalışma ise çok daha azdır. Alanyazın taraması ile bu kapsamda sadece bir çalışma bulunulabilmiştir. İran’daki iki turizm destinasyonunda yerel halkın turizmin sosyo-kültürel sonuçlarına yönelik algılarında dindarlığın etkisinin incelendiği çalışma ile sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı ile dindarlık arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kapsamda, dindarlık hususunun turizmin sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında etkin olup olmadığının incelendiği bu çalışma, alanyazına katkı sunabilecek boyuttadır. Çalışma kapsamında nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden anket tekniği benimsenmiştir. Ekonomik kaygıların katılımcıların görüşlerini etkilemesinin önüne geçilmesi amacıyla, Bodrum, Fethiye ve Marmaris gibi Türkiye’nin önemli turizm destinasyonlarına coğrafi olarak uzak olmamakla birlikte turizm gelişiminin sınırlı olduğu için tercih edilen Menteşe (Muğla) ilçesinde ikamet eden 528 bireyden elde edilen veriler iki aşamada analiz edilmiştir. İlk aşamada, kullanılan soru formu değişik çalışmalardan yararlanarak oluşturulduğu için ölçeklerin güvenirliğini test etmek üzere Güvenirlik Analizi ve yapısal geçerliliğini sınamak üzere Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) uygulanmıştır. Cronbach Alpha (α) değeri, sosyo-kültürel etkilere yönelik 22 ifade bütününde 0,907; her bir faktöre yönelik sırasıyla 0,941; 0,813 ve 0,772; Dindarlık ölçeğine yönelik ise 0,728 olarak hesaplanmış olup araştırmada kullanılan ölçeklerin güvenilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sosyo-kültürel etkilere yönelik ifadelerin varyansın %64,413’ini açıklayacak şekilde 3 faktörlü bir yapı altında birleştiği, üç ifadeden oluşan dindarlık ölçeğinin ise tek faktöre yüklendiği ve varyansın %64,845’ini açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla analiz için kullanılan yapının iyi derecede geçerli olduğu anlaşılmıştır. İkinci aşamada, AFA ile belirlenen faktörlerin çalışma kapsamında oluşturulan modele uygunluğunu test edebilmek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ve ölçüm modeli ile gizli değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek ve kavramsal model ile verilerin uyup uymadığını değerlendirmek için Yapısal Eşitlik Model gerçekleştirilmiştir. DFA analizi sonucunda, bütün faktör yüklerinin 0,4’ün üzerinde olduğu ve uyum indekslerinin (x 2 /df, RMSEA, CFI, NFI ve GFI) hem DFA hem de yapısal eşitlik modelinde eşik değerleri aştığı görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla, faktör yapılarının ve çalışmada sınanan modelin uygun olduğu ve sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanması ile dindarlık arasında ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları dindarlık ile turizmin olumsuz sosyo-kültürel etkilerinin algılanışı arasında bir ilişki bulunduğunu ancak turizmin olumlu kültürel etkilerinin algılanışında dindarlığın bir etkisinin bulunmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Dindarlık ile muhafazakârlık arasında kuvvetli bir ilişki bulunduğu göz önüne alındığında öngörülebilecek bir sonuç olduğu belirtilebilir. Ancak, Zamani-Farahani – Musa (2012) çalışmasında dindarlık ile sosyo-kültürel etkilerin algılanışı arasında olumlu etki bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmış olmasının destinasyonları ziyaret eden turistlerin profillerindeki ve sayılarındaki farklılıktan kaynaklandığı öngörülmektedir. İlk çalışmada ziyaretçilerin çoğu aynı din ve kültüre mensup kişilerden oluşuyorken, çalışma alanında turistlerin yarısına yakın kısmını farklı din ve kültüre sahip olanlar oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma sonuçları doğrultusunda turizm planlama ve uygulama süreçlerinde, yerel halkın dini inanışlarının, dikkate alınması ve dini inanışlara uygun adımların atılmasının veya yapılacak uygulamaların dini inanışlarına aykırı olmadığının anlatılmasının gerekli olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca, turizmin yerel dini inanışlara aykırı sonuçlar doğurmayacak (ya da bu tür sonuçları en aza indirgeyecek) şekilde gelişimine yönelik kararlar alınması gerekmektedir. Kitle turizminin (özellikle deniz–kum–güneş) geliştiği popüler destinasyonlara yakın olmakla birlikte ekonomik olarak turizm ile yoğun bir bağlantının bulunmadığı bir alanda gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın sonuçları kesitseldir. Diğer bir ifadeyle sonuçlar çalışma alanı ve hatta katılımcılar ile sınırlıdır. Gelecek çalışmalarda farklı turizm türü ve turist profiline sahip yerleşimlere odaklanabilir. Ayrıca, sonuçların ekonomik olarak turizme bağımlı destinasyonlarda da sınanması gereklidir. (shrink)

Previous research has demonstrated that a positive subjective relationship with God was associated with better mental health outcomes. On the other hand, it has been known that childhood traumas are the strongest risk factors for almost all common mental disorders. For that reason, investigating the relationship between childhood traumas and God image and the factors that mediate this relationship is crucial for the clinical works conducted with the religious clients who report a history of childhood trauma. Based on the Freud’s (...) projection theory, the early researchers investigating the psychological factors underlying the formation of God image proposed that image of parents might mediates the god image. Their studies revealed inconclusive results. As an alternative to the projection theory, some researchers suggested that the God image was self-referenced. Their research showed that high self-esteem was positively related to image of a loving God and negatively related to image of a rejecting God. The studies comparing these two explanations found that God image was more self-referenced than parent referenced. The attachment theory provides a theoritical framework to integrate these two positions. Studies based on the attachment theory revealed that secure attachment was associated with a loving God image while the insecure attachment was related to a distant and controlling God image. The childhood traumas which are the focus of this study are the experiences that are likely to destroy early attachment pattern and lead to an insecure attachment style in which the self, others and in turn God are perceived in a negative way. Majority of the studies examining the link between childhood traumas and God image demonstrated that the individuals exposed to childhood traumas perceived God as distant, cruel, cold, punishing, unjust and frightening in their adulthood. However, the research investigating the impact of childhood traumas on the adult survivors’ God image has mainly focused on Western Judeo-Christian samples. Despite the prevalence of childhood traumas in Muslim communities, Muslim samples are underrepresented. In addition, it was thought that the self-esteem was the most important factor that mediates the relationship between childhood traumas and positive psychological outputs. Many studies supported that childhood traumas were associated with low self-esteem. However, recently, some criticisms were raised to the concept of self-esteem which has some negative consequences like narcissism, self-centeredness, lack of interest and prejudice towards others. Instead, the concept of self-compassion was proposed. The concept of self-compassion includes a nonjudgmental and warm attitude towards oneself in the face of pain and suffering, and evaluating negative life events as being a part of shared human experience. The studies investigating the relationship between childhood traumas and God image have mainly focused on attachment styles and self-esteem as explanatory factors but ignored the concept of self-compassion. For that reason, in this study, we investigated the relationship between childhood traumas and God image and the mediating role of self-compassion in a sample of Muslim Turkish university students. The data was collected through online questionnaires. Five hundred two participants who were reached through the convenience sampling method, completed Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, God Perception Scale and Self-Compassion Scale Short Form. With PROCESS v3.5 macro extension in IBM SPSS 22, a bootstrapping procedure with 5000 resamples was performed to test mediation models. Findings revealed that all childhood trauma forms predicted negative God image. In addition, all childhood trauma forms predicted low self-compassion level. Finally, mediation analysis showed that self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between all forms of childhood trauma and God image. The results were discussed in the light of existing literature. Many studies have shown that self-compassion-based interventions are highly effective with the clients exposed to traumatic experiences. Based on the findings of the present study, it was emphasized that self-compassion-based interventions would contribute to a more positive God image which is one of the important coping resources after stressful life events for religious individuals. (shrink)

The study was carried out in order to reveal the problems of hearing-impaired students, who have an important place in our society and the reli-gious coping methods they use to cope with their problems. In the first part of the study, the problems of the hearing impaired students and their religious coping methods were examined. In the second part, the findings obtained as a result of the interviews were interpreted under two headings as the participants' problems and religious coping methods. (...) In accordance with the purpose of the study, semi-structured interview technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used. The study group of the research, which was designed according to the phenomenology method, one of the qualitative research methods, consisted of 11 students, 9 boys and 2 girls, studying at the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th grades of Çorum Special Education Vocational High School. The data obtained in the study were analyzed by content analysis method. As a result of the study, it was seen that hearing-impaired students frequently resort to positive religious coping methods to overcome their problems. It is also concluded that the students are willing to share their problems; religious thoughts, feelings and behaviors have an important effect on coping with their problems; they use religious coping methods such as trust in Allah, prayer and worship while coping with their problems but they are open to support from the environment; they try to overcome the problems not with complaints but with patience. It has been observed that hearing-impaired students sometimes question why they are disabled rather than others, and they feel uneasy in this situation. For hearing-impaired individuals to protect their mental health, necessary training should be provided without neglecting the religious aspect of their problems. (shrink)

Self-monitoring theory explains the individual differences in using interpersonal adjustment techniques like self-control, self-regulation, and self-presentation. Self-monitoring plays a key role for understanding the social life. Therefore, it has been one of most popular research topics in social psychology. The aim of this study is to find out if there is a meaningful relationship between religious orientation and self-monitoring, and to determine the direction of the relationship if it exists. Besides, examining the effect of religious group membership on self-monitoring is (...) another aim of this study. In accordance with this purpose, Religious Orientation Scale and Revised Self-Monitoring Scale are applied to sample group which consists of 437 female and 369 male participants aged16 to 65+ living in Bursa. The results has revealed that there is a meaningful positive correlation between intrinsic religious orientation and self-monitoring. In addition, no meaningful relationship between religious group membership and self-monitoring has been confirmed.Summary: The adaptation process of the human being as a social creature starts in a mother's womb and becomes more complicated in consequence of coming into the world which is full of stimulus. In the beginning, this process has only a physical aspect, but with the inclusion of emotional, cognitive, and social factors over time turns into developmental tasks that people will struggle throughout their lives. The social development involves the process of becoming of the individual as an organic part of the society. As the individual realizes the existence of the other, he/she develops similar patterns of behavior that can be approved by the other. Because the meaningful relationships that form the backbone of social development constitute an important part of the self. Belonging is one of the main needs, that the individual shapes his emotions, actions, and decisions more or less in line with this need in order not to encounter the possibility of social exclusion. While belonging is a universal need for every healthy individual, there are differences between individuals in terms of directing the course of the relationship, role sharing, and using situational clues. Individual differences in how people construct interpersonal processes led Mark Snyder to systematize and theorize the concept of self-monitoring. Self-monitoring is a concept that expresses individuals' control of self-presentation, expressive behavior, and non-verbal emotional expression and their regulation. Accordingly, individuals with a high tendency to shape their behavior according to the context are classified as high self-monitors and those with low tendency are classified as low self-monitors. It can be said that adherence to religion, which is one of the determinants of social behavior, is related to self-monitoring. In this context, the main subject of this study is the relationship between self-monitoring and religiosity. The study aims to examine the effect of intrinsic-extrinsic religiosity on individuals' self-monitoring levels. Besides, as a form of religiosity, to reveal whether religious group religiosity affects self-monitoring, the study examines also self-monitoring levels of individuals belonging to the religious group and those who are not.The sample of the study was selected by a simple random sampling method and it consists of 806 participants aged 16 to 65+ living in Bursa in 2017. 437 (54.2%) of the participants in the research are women and 369 (45.8%) are men. In this study, a relational screening model was used for determining the presence, direction, and degree of the relationship between the variables. The questionnaire technique was preferred as the method of gathering information. The questionnaire was arranged in a way that does not require asking the participant any other questions apart from the questions on the form. The questionnaire form used in this research consists of 43 items. At the beginning of the questionnaire, there is a 9-item personal information form that includes demographic items consisting of age, gender, educational status, marital status, occupation, place of residence, socio-economic status, levels of subjective religious involvement, and religious group membership. For the measurement of self-monitoring, a 12-item "Self-Monitoring Scale", which was developed by Mark Snyder, revised by Richard Lennox and Raymond Wolfe and adapted by İlknur Özalp Türetgen and Sevim Cesur to Turkish (α =.80) was used. For the measurement of religious orientation, a 22-item “Religious Orientation Scale” developed by Gordon Allport and Michael Ross and adapted to Turkish by Fatma Gül Cirhinlioğlu was used (α =.90). Data collected through scales were processed by One Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA), t-Test, Pearson Correlation Analysis, and Simple Linear Regression Analysis and turned into research findings.According to the results of the simple linear correlation analysis conducted to reveal whether there is a relationship between the self-monitoring scores of the participants and the intrinsic religious orientation scores, there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables (r = 0.102, p = 0.004 0.05). The result of the correlation analysis between self-monitoring and the level of subjective religious involvement shows that no significant relationship is found (r = 0.051, p = 0.146> 0.05).This research expected that there was a negative relationship between self-monitoring and intrinsic religious orientation. However, the analyses has not reported anticipated results as addressed in the previous research. Therefore, this study opens the door for asking new questions about the subject. Religious groups, by their very nature, can refer the individual to self-presentation control, obedience, to act as deemed appropriate by the group, to adapt to the group, to change behavior without attitude change, and therefore, to attitude-behavior inconsistency. It can be argued that not only religious groups but, by their nature, all social groups create harmony-oriented pressure on the individual. Therefore, it can be predicted that belonging to a group, in general, may have a significant effect on the level of self-monitoring. The high self-monitoring scores of the participants, whether religious or non-religious group members of this study may have reduced the observability of the difference between the two groups. Therefore, repeating the study on a different sample may produce different results. (shrink)

Divine providence is one of the most intriguing topics of today. Despite the scientific progress, individuals are aware that they cannot lead a life isolated from destiny. It is explained by social scientists from different perspectives. This study focuses on the knowledge of destiny and fatalism tendencies of people who are convicted of different crimes. The research has been conducted on 114 people who are convicted of different crimes at the General Directorate Probation in Bursa. Knowledge of destiny and fatalism (...) tendencies of convicted people have been investigated with socio-demographic variables and survey method. A direct relationship has been determined between education and economic level of convicted people as well as being happy to come to the world and being hopeful about future. An inverse relationship has been found between age and the knowledge of destiny of those people. A significant difference has been detected between the belief in fatalism and the state of violence in our study. There is destiny but not fatalism in Islam religion. The destiny belief does not eliminate responsibility of humans; rather it offers psychological wellness to people who struggle to survive in the world of difficulties. Our research aims to further demonstrate the relationship between belief in destiny and crime by means of quantitative evaluation and qualitative analysis. (shrink)

A human who open their eyes to life finds themselves within a religious tradition and culture. They encounter religious objects and places, meets religious people and live in communication with them. They learn about religion from their family and their surroundings; they see people who perform their religious worship, and from time to time, they themselves participate in these worships. They ask questions, do research, and turn to the use of religious words and concepts. Childhood period has a significant impact (...) on the formation of religious belief, attitudes and behaviours in adulthood, in other words, on the construction of religious identity. The study examined the origins of individual and collective religious identity, religious experiences from childhood to adulthood and cultural contexts. Thus, it was investigated that how participants constructed their religious identities by making sense of the reference frameworks that they acquired from religious narratives and traditions. In this context, the factors that shape and define the construction of religious identity have been analysed in two dimensions, theoretical and field research. 60 participants aged 25 to 75 living in Kahramanmaraş were interviewed in between 2021 and 2022. The study analysed findings about how adult religious individuals build their religious identities using phenomenological patterns from qualitative data collection methods. In the study, the participants were selected with the purposeful sampling method identified with the phenomenological pattern and the study conducted 40-160 minutes of face-to-face in-depth interviews with semi- structured questions prepared separately for 5 main and 13 sub-categories. The data obtained was analysed and categorised using the MAXQDA 12 package program. At this point in our research, the question of what are the factors that influence the formation and maintenance of a person’s religious identity is sought in the framework of the research findings. According to the findings obtained as a result of the study which is based on the basic approaches of role theory it has been observed that the family factor is prominent in building an individual’s religious identity. In addition to the influence of parents on family members in shaping religious identity, it has been observed that some participants are influenced by extended family members such as grandparents. On the other hand, it has been found that schools and courses attended under the referral of the family or the society, the religious officials and religious groups met, and media programmes followed are factors that influence the building of the individual’s religious identity after the family. It has been determined that religious texts and folkloric elements provide stereotyped roles in making choices such as the style of clothing eating and drinking, which are symbolically reflected in the individual’s life, in the implementation of religious orders and moral principles, in short, the construction of religious identity. (shrink)

Psikolojik ve öznel iyi oluş, bireyin yaşamı hakkında nasıl hissettiğine ve yaşam olaylarına nasıl tepki verdiğine bağlıdır. Bireysel olarak kişi, kontrolü dışında gerçekleşen tüm dış olayları bilişsel şemalarında istemsizce hissedebilir. Özellikle ruh sağlığı göz önüne alındığında, son yıllarda dini inanç ve uygulamaların ruh sağlığının çeşitli bileşenleri üzerindeki etkisi, din psikolojisinde en çok çalışılan konulardan biri olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çoğu çalışma, bireylerin anlam arayışları ve yaşam olaylarına tepkileri hakkında cevaplar ararken dinin rolüne odaklanmıştır. Hayatın zorluklarıyla karşılaşan ve strese maruz kalan bireylerin (...) yaşamlarında ibadetlerin onarıcı bir rol oynadığına dair yaygın bir kanı vardır. Bu nedenle, son birkaç yılda bilim adamları için, bilişsel davranışçı çerçevenin din psikolojisi içindeki olası uygulaması hem öznel hem de psikolojik iyi oluşun kilit bir unsuru haline gelmiştir. Dindarlık ve ruh sağlığı arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin teorik uygulamalar kullanılarak, çeşitli dua biçimlerinin ağırlıklı olarak Hıristiyan dini norm ve inançlarından türetildiği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ancak, bu tür araştırmalarda Hıristiyan olmayan dinler çoğunlukla göz ardı edilmiştir. Daha spesifik olarak, İslam'da inananların günlük yaşamlarında büyük önem taşıyan çeşitli dini davranış biçimleri olmasına rağmen, Müslüman bireyler arasında dindarlık ve ruh sağlığı arasındaki bağlantılar ihmal edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, mevcut araştırma, Müslüman bireyler arasında bilişsel-davranışçı mekanizmayı kullanarak farklı İslami dua türleri ile iyi oluş hali göstergeleri arasındaki bağlantıyı araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada İngiltere'nin farklı şehirlerinde/bölgelerinde birçok İslami öğrenci topluluğundan ve çeşitli ibadet yerlerinden katılımcı toplamak için çevrimiçi bir anket linki kullanılmıştır. Online anket altı dua türünden (farz, vacip, sünnet, nafile, dua ve zikir formlarından), altı psikolojik iyi bileşenlerinden (özerklik, çevresel hakimiyet, başkalarıyla olumlu ilişkiler, kişisel gelişim, kendini kabul ve yaşamda amaç) ve iki öznel iyi oluş bileşeninden (hayat memnuniyeti ve olumlu ve olumsuz etkiler) oluşmaktadır. Temsili örneklem, yaşları 18 ile 66 arasında (Ort. = 27.01, SS = 8.80) olan 214 katılımcıdan (Kadın= 145, Erkek= 69) oluşmaktadır. Korelasyon analizi sonuçları, farz namaz, sünnet namaz, sözlü dua ve zikir/Allah'ı anmanın iyi oluş hali değişkenleri ile pozitif bir ilişkiye sahip olduğunu, ancak vacip ve nafile namazların iyi oluş hali değişkenleriyle herhangi bir korelasyon göstermediğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Çoklu regresyon analizi sonuçları, farz, sünnet ve vacip namazların psikolojik veya öznel iyi oluş değişkenlerinin yordayıcıları olmadığını göstermiştir. Sadece nafile namazın türü yordayıcı bulunsa da bu ilişki tam tersi yöndedir. Ek olarak, dua ibadeti psikolojik iyi oluş puanlarını tahmin etmedeki benzersiz varyansı açıklarken, zikir ibadeti ise öznel iyi oluşu tahmin etmedeki benzersiz değişkenliği açıklamaktadır. James ve Wells'in bilişsel ve davranışçı modelleri ışığında, bu çalışma sadece dua ve zikir ibadetlerini, bireylere psikolojik destek sağlamada olumlu etkisi olan önemli faktörler olarak belirlemiştir. Dolayısıyla sunulan veriler, kişilerin ibadetleri, rehberlik ve destek için Tanrı'ya güvendikleri ve Tanrı'nın varlığını hissederek düşüncelerini tazeledikleri bir dua ve zikir modelini aldığında daha iyi psikolojik ve öznel iyi oluşa sahip olma olasılıklarının daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Mevcut bulgulardan görülebileceği gibi, inanç yapılarının belirli topluluk ortamlarında uygulanabilirliğini göz önünde bulundurmak önemlidir. Burada hem teorik çerçeve hem de pratik yön, Müslüman dua türleri ile zihinsel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiye ilişkin bir anlayışa katkıda bulunabilir ve sağlık uygulayıcılarına farklı dua modellerinin bireyleri daha iyi bir iyi oluşa nasıl yönlendirebileceği konusunda rehberlik edebilir. (shrink)

The subject of this study is the nature of the secular desire for immortality and the idea of digital paradise. Digital paradise is covered in the San Junipero episode of Black Mirror, which was released on the Netflix movie platform. The subject has been under the spotlight within the framework of this posting. San Junipero can be considered as a fictional projection of the future. This fiction is important in terms of rationalizing, legitimizing and embodying the non-religious desire for immortality, (...) although it contains intense messages/references that will have an impact in the short or long term. Based on the example of the digital paradise San Junipero, the study aims to explore the meaning and nature of the secular desire for immortality and analyze the messages it contains. With the qualitative research method, the San Junipero serial episode was handled as a case example, and it was analyzed and interpreted with a phenomenological and semiotic approach. As a result, in the non-religious pursuit of the afterlife and in the nature of the desire for immortality, which is reflected in San Junipero, which is fictionalized as a secular/earthly/technological imitation of the afterlife and heaven in religions; There are basic beliefs and motivations such as disbelief (unbelief), overcoming God, death and worldly problems, nihilistic will to power, coping with the fear of extinction and avoiding pain, challenging time and death, liberation from everything, hedonism, searching cosmic signifiance, belief in reason, power and technology, evaluated. (shrink)

The population growth rate, which started to increase in the world at the beginning of the 20th century, continued to increase rapidly after the 1950s with the developments in the field of health and the decrease in death rates. The biological, psychological and social changes that the aging individual undergoes over time bring along various problems in old age. Both the meaning of old age and the efforts to cope with the problems encountered in old age cause religion to have (...) an important position in old age. In this study, which was designed as a compilation of qualitative research patterns, it was aimed to determine the subject trends and methodological contents of studies on religion and aging abroad in order to inspire studies on aging in our country. The data of 203 studies published in the last 10 years in the journal determined by the criterion sampling technique were obtained by document review. The data obtained were classified under various headings by bibliometric analysis and content analysis. As a result, in the analyzes conducted to determine the subject distribution of the articles published in the Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging in the last 10 years, it was determined that the most of the studies (12.8%) were directly on spirituality and the most cited subject was spirituality. Methodologically, 35.5% of the studies were qualitative, 23.6% were quantitative, 4% were mixed methods, and 35.5% were theoretical studies. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to determine what kind of religious coping activities the refugee students forced to emigrate to Turkey due to the devastating reasons such as war and violation of rights apply in order to overcome their traumatic lives and the relationship between the use of these religious coping activities and their adaptation to the culture they live in. The fact that religion has important functions in dealing with all difficulties, especially forced migration, makes it a matter (...) of interest about what kind of religious coping process refugees have experienced for making their lives bearable. Therefore, this research is based on the assumption that the refugees mostly struggle with difficulties by using positive religious coping methods and try to achieve cultural adaptation through this struggle. The sample was selected from the refugee students from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan continuing their education in different departments of Karabük University and in different high schools of Karabük National Education Directorate in 2017-2018 academic year. “Cultural Adaptation” and “Religious Coping Styles” scales were applied to the sample with an average age of 18. According to the research findings, cultural adaptation and positive religious coping levels of the sample group are above the average, and negative religious coping levels are below the average. There was found a positive meaningful correlation between cultural adaptation and positive religious coping of which relation was determined through some independent and demographic variables (r =.269). Therefore, it is thought that providing spiritual care for refugee students might increase the level of cultural adaptation.Summary: The aim of this study is to determine what kind of religious coping activities the refugee students forced to emigrate to Turkey due to the devastating reasons such as war and violation of rights apply in order to overcome their traumatic lives and the relationship between the use of these religious coping activities and their adaptation to the culture they live in. The fact that religion has important functions in dealing with all difficulties, especially forced migration, makes it a matter of interest about what kind of religious coping process refugees have experienced for making their lives bearable. Therefore, this research is based on the assumption that the refugees mostly struggle with difficulties by using positive religious coping methods and try to achieve cultural adaptation through this struggle. The study that was conducted according to correlational survey model, used the questionnaire technique by implementing the “Cultural Adaptation” and “Religious Coping Styles” scales together with a personal information form. The sample of the study was chosen by random sampling, and consisted of 112 volunteer refugee students from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, studying at different departments of Karabük University and different public high schools in Karabük. While analyzing the data, firstly, averages were calculated by obtaining total scores of the scales. In order to reveal whether students’ cultural adaptation levels differ by various variables or not, t-test (Independent Samples t-test), one-way analysis of variance (Oneway ANOVA) and Scheffe Test were applied. While analyzing relations related to religious coping, non-parametric ‘Man Whitney U’ and ‘Kruskall Wallis H’ tests were applied in accordance with the result of the normality test. In the study in which correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between cultural adaptation and religious coping, the lowest p-value was predicated as.05 to determine the level of statistical significance. According to the findings, sample group’s levels of cultural adaptation (=3,27) and positive religious coping (=3,42) were above the average, and the level of negative religious coping (=1,77) was below the average. Cultural adaptation levels of the sample group has shown significant statistical differences in terms of the nationality variable. Accordingly, Syrian students had higher cultural adaptation scores (=3,48) than Iraqi (=3,19) and Afghani students (=3,06), and the difference among them was statistically meaningful (p<.01). There wasn’t detected any significant relationship between ‘negative religious coping’ levels of the sample and demographic and other independent variables; however, there were seen statistically significant differences just in terms of nationality, gender and age range among other demographic variables. Accordingly, female students scored higher (= 64,46) in positive coping than male students (= 47,32). The difference between them is statistically meaningful (p<.01). Students at the ages of 21-24 scored higher in positive religious coping (= 70,54) and the difference between them and the students at the ages of 14-16 (= 47,47) reached meaningful level, next to this Syrian students had higher levels of positive religious coping (= 62,91) and this reached a meaningful difference (p<.01) when compared with the averages of Afghani students (= 42,63). Moreover, there was a positive significant relationship between cultural adaptation and positive religious coping (r=.269, n=112, p=.004).Forced migration caused by wars is a traumatic experience including material and moral loss. The greatest contribution of spirituality in this kind of negative experiences causing severe stress is through positive religious coping. Hence, religious and spiritual beliefs not only enable cognitive satisfaction by offering the most satisfying answers to traumatic victims’ search for meaning, yet also help them to accept the situation. This is caused due to a sense of devotion, and contribute to both their struggle with the trauma and their post-traumatic development. According to the research findings, there is a significant relationship between students’ cultural adaptation and ‘positive religious coping’ tendency. Therefore, providing these students with spiritual care and counseling might contribute to their integration process. Moreover, it has been seen that it is important to conduct value-centered projects and activities which would prevent both refugee students and locals to marginalize each other, and would improve the culture of living-together. It is also important to provide governmental and non-governmental support for these projects and activities. On the other hand, launching free language courses to resolve communication problems, which are obstacles for integration, and establishing socio-cultural networks in and around the campus for constituting more compatible relationships among the students would improve the students’ integration capability. (shrink)

The principles offered by beliefs affect the thinking styles of individuals. Although it has been argued in recent studies that believers and non-believers have different thinking styles, there are few studies examining the relationship between belief and cognitive styles in Muslim groups. In this study, the relationships between intrinsic religious motivation and "critical thinking", which is one of the most desired thinking skills today, and " dichotomous thinking", which can be expressed as black-and-white thinking and primarily associated with negative structures, (...) were examined. The study was carried out with 395 university students, and the data was obtained by a socio-demographic information form, the Intrinsic Religious Motivation Scale, the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale, and the Dichotomous Thinking Scale. Findings suggested a positive significant relationship between intrinsic religious motivation and critical thinking and dichotomous thinking, and a positive significant relationship between critical thinking and dichotomous thinking. Regarding the relationship between dichotomous thinking and critical thinking, intrinsic religious motivation had a mediating role. The Islamic faith often invites reasoning and thinking and affirms this way of thinking; at the same time, it offers various conceptual tools for dichotomous thinking with discourses such as heaven-hell, good-evil, dark-light, and faith-denial. Although critical thinking and dichotomous thinking are seen as opposite constructs, the findings have been interpreted as the Islamic belief supporting both critical thinking and dichotomous thinking at the same time, thus reducing the rigidity of dichotomous thinking. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature, and suggestions were made for further research. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to discuss the functional value of tawakkul in terms of individual psychology. As it is known, tawakkul, which is technically defined as "the individual's transferring the result of the work to Allah after making all his efforts so that the desired work can be concluded as desired", is a concept that the Qur'an and Sunnah have emphasized. In this respect, tawakkul, which is a religious value, is expected to provide a motivational power to the (...) individual in his work and actions. However, it should be apprecia-ted that tawakkul, which is fed from religious sources, is far from its motivational value, which is someti-mes expressed in an individual and social context. This situation often brings with it the questioning of this concept. Since tawakkul is a religious concept, it is known that religious belief sometimes gets its share from these questions. It is a fact that these inquiries often result in negative results. From this point of view, in this study, evaluations will be made about why tawakkul cannot produce the expected function most of the time. In this context, it is aimed to describe the functional value of a religiously correct tawakkul on the basis of individual psychology by making use of primary and secondary sources. (shrink)

The death anxiety is one of the leading existential problems. Religiosity, on other hand, plays an important role in coping with death anxiety. However, studies on the relationship between death anxiety and religiosity have revealed conflicting results. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between religiosity and death anxiety and to identify possible causes of conflicting results. The study used a systematic review method to examine both correlational and experimental studies. The studies reviewed draw attention to (...) two important results. First, although there are generally inconsistent relationships between religiosity and death anxiety, especially intrinsic religious orientation is negatively associated with death anxiety. Second, mortality salience increases the religious beliefs of the religious while producing inconsistent results for the nonreligious. On the other hand, these studies have some critical limitations. One of these limitations, the measures of religiosity and death anxiety used in studies wide variety, and their reliability and cross-cultural validity can be problematic. Implicitly measuring religiosity and death anxiety can help solve this problem. Another limitation is that the experimental studies were very few and those that did were mostly done with participants from the Judeo-Christian religious tradition. Therefore, there is a need to conduct studies (especially experimental) from different religious and cultural traditions to overcome this limitation. The current review is essential to have better understanding the relationship between religiosity and fear of death and guiding future studies. (shrink)

Fate has always existed in life both as a faith issue appearing in most of the religions and as a vital phenomenon. The unknown sides of fate and the uncertainties related to fate have been a factor that always keeps a human’s sense of curiosity alive. The fate perceptions’ potential of affecting life is high. As an individual’s fate perception is one of the factors determining his attitude to life, and it also affects his behaviours. The fate perceptions’ power of (...) influencing human behaviours was effective in specifying the research topic. The subject of the research was determined as “fate perception”, and university students were selected as the sample group. The research was carried out through metaphor analysis technique based on the phenomenological method. The reason for referring this method rather than directly asking questions related to fate is to reach the real thoughts in the depths of youths’ minds. A total of 211 students participated in the study performed with undergraduate students from different departments of different universities, and the analysis was continued with 163 data sets since the inappropriate data were sorted out. First of all, groups that included the same theme according to the meanings attributed to the fate in the metaphors were formed, and rather than the metaphor, the “because…” part that described it was based on in the grouping. The categories and the metaphors collected in the themes under them were again reviewed relationally, and then the research was analysed by two specialists to ensure the validity and reliability. As a result of the research, it was determined that some of the participants tried to clarify equivalents of the problems related to fate in their minds and to conceptually define the fate while producing metaphors. It was seen that some of the participants associated the fate with religious beliefs in forming metaphors while some of them dealt with it separately from the religion. The most frequently repeated metaphor is the "path" metaphor in the study, in which university students were found to have produced 106 metaphors related to the concept of "fate". This is followed by the metaphors "book" and "wheel". "Scenario, pen, map, crossroads, bunker, line, ship" metaphors are among the top ten most preferred metaphors. After the explanations of the metaphors produced in the scope of the research were examined, they were grouped in terms of their common features, themes were formed, and categories were formed by grouping the themes among themselves. Accordingly, the first category was identified as “fate in the context of characteristic” and its sub-themes were “fate as a(n) unchanging/determined phenomenon, fate as a divertible/preferable phenomenon, fate as an unknown/uncontrollable phenomenon, fate as both determined and divertible phenomenon and fate as a defence mechanism”. The second category was “fate in the context of faith/freedom”. The sub-themes of this category were determined as “the phenomenon of fatalist-inclined fate, the phenomenon of pure faith-based fate, the phenomenon of faith-based voluntaristic fate, the phenomenon of faith-based Cebrî fate, the phenomenon of not faith-based voluntaristic fate, fate contrast”. (shrink)

Bilişsel Psikoloji başlığıyla bu yazıda değerlendirmeye konu olan eser, alanın önde gelen isimlerinden biri olan John Best tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Bilişsel psikoloji, ikinci dünya savaşından sonra bilgisayar teknolojisi ve bilgi işlem teorileri alanında yaşanan gelişmelere paralel olarak gelişmiş bir alandır. Bu alanın temel hedefi, zihinsel süreçleri, davranışların altta yatan nedenlerinden yola çıkarak incelemektir. Değerlendirmeye konu olan eser, bu bağlamda, bilişsel psikoloji ile akademik düzeyde ilgilenenlere yönelik alternatif bir kaynak sunmak üzere telif edilmiştir. Değerlendirmemizde eserin konu ve amacı, dil ve üslubu, (...) yöntem ve içeriği gibi alt başlıklar üzerinden sistematik bir inceleme yapılacaktır. Eserde müellifin takip ettiği tasnif, üslup ve yöntem dikkate alındığında söz konusu eserin özellikle ders kitabı olarak öğrencilere ve bilişsel psikoloji ile akademik düzeyde ilgilenen kişilere hitap ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. (shrink)

Din Psikolojisinin önemli çalışma alanlarından birisi de ibadet psikolojisi bağlamında ibadetlerin bireylerin ruhsal yaşantısındaki yansımalarını incelemektir. Bu alan araştırmasında umre ibadetini gerçekleştirmekte olan bireylerde Yaşam Anlamı ve Umutsuzluk düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Suudi Arabistan’da umre ziyaretinde bulunan 214 Türk katılımcı üzerinde geçekleştirilen araştırmada anket tekniği ile toplanan veriler analiz edilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Yaşam Anlamı Ölçeği” ve “Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 23.0 istatistik programında analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak (...) Tek Örneklem t-Testi, Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon Analizi, Bağımsız Örneklem t-Testi, Tek Yönlü ANOVA ve Tukey HSD testleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubunun Yaşam Anlamı düzeyinin anlamlı olarak ortalamanın üstünde; Umutsuzluk düzeyinin ortalamanın altında olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Yaşam Anlamı ile Umutsuzluk ve alt boyutlarından Gelecekle İlgili Duygu; Motivasyon Kaybı ve Gelecekle İlgili Beklenti arasında negatif yönde; Aranan Anlam ile Umutsuzluk ve Motivasyon Kaybı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. (shrink)

COVID-19 is a new type of coronavirus that has spread all over the world and has caused a global epidemic that affected all parts of society. Healthcare professionals that are involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients diagnosed with coronavirus have been under a heavy burden both physically and psychologically during the fight against this disease. Articles published on protecting the mental health of healthcare professionals during the epidemic have stated that healthcare professionals should be supported to prevent (...) the negative effects of the epidemic on them. This new situation requires developing appropriate strategies for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the given heavy burden by healthcare professionals. Therefore, the determination of effective approaches for the protection of mental health of healthcare professionals and increasing their protective factors, such as psychological resilience, has got great importance. Positive religious coping contents can be seen among the protective factors that affect the psychological resilience of healthcare professionals. Positive religious coping behaviors, such as refuge in Allah, praying, and reading Qur'an, not only provides a spiritual strength against the troubles of life but also provides a sense of control, peace, and security. This research aims to examine the relationship between religious coping and psychological resilience in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ethical approval for this research was obtained from Atatürk University Social and Human Science Ethics Committee (12.04.2021 dated and 88656144-000.E.2100103436 numbered). Descriptive research and correlational methods were used in the study. The population of the research consists of personnel working in health facilities operating throughout the country. The sample consists of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, midwives, and other health workers working in these health institutions. The Snowball sampling method was used in this study. For this aim, a Google Forms was established and 293 health workers in more than 40 provinces have filled this form. Personal Information Form, Religious Coping Scale, and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale were used as data collection tools. These data collection tools were used to determine whether positive and negative religious coping and psychological resilience differs according to gender and age. In addition to the above-mentioned aim, the relationship between positive and negative religious coping and resilience was examined in this study. T-test and ANOVA were applied in the analysis of demographic variables. Correlation and regression analysis were used to test the relationship between the variables. Findings obtained from this study have revealed that the levels of religious coping and psychological resilience of healthcare professionals differ according to their demographic characteristics. Results have shown that while there is no significant difference between women and men in terms of using positive religious coping methods, men use negative religious coping methods more frequently than women. Results have also revealed that positive coping methods are used more frequently as age increases and psychological resilience increased with age. Correlation analysis has shown that there is a significant relationship between positive religious coping and psychological resilience. Results of regression analysis have shown that positive religious coping is a significant predictor of psychological resilience. This result shows that positive religious coping is an important variable that affects psychological resilience. Results have suggested that there is a need to develop a program with religious/spiritual content that can help healthcare professionals to overcome this difficult process more easily by increasing their psychological resilience. Results obtained from this study may not only contribute to other rehabilitative studies that can be carried out for healthcare professionals during and after the pandemic but also provide scientific data for possible academic studies on this subject. (shrink)

Psikolojinin bir bilim dalı olarak ortaya çıktığı 19. yüzyıla kadar, insana dair sorunlar, felsefi bir yorumla ele alınmıştır. Zaman içinde pozitivizm, materyalizm gibi felsefe akımlarının yön vermesiyle psikoloji bilimi kendine ait kavram ve yöntemlere sahip olmuştur. Bu süreçte bilimde hâkim olan paradigmaların etkisiyle din, uzun bir dönem bilimsel araştırmaların dışında tutulmuştur. Bilim adamalarının dine karşı olumsuz tutumlarına rağmen, Hıristiyan din adamaları felsefe ve psikoloji gibi alanlardaki bilimsel gelişmeleri yakından takip etmişlerdir. Kilise hizmetleri çerçevesinde geleneksel olarak sürdürülen “pastoral care” faaliyetlerinin psikoloji (...) ve psikoterapi alanlarındaki gelişmelerden etkilenmesiyle bugünkü dini danışma ve rehberliğin temeli olan “pastoral care and counseling” kavramları ve yöntemleri ortaya çıkmıştır. 1960’lardan sonra dünya genelinde bir yayılma eğilimi gösteren dini danışma ve rehberlik konusu, son yıllarda Türkiye’deki dini kurum ve akademik çevrelerin de ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. Bu makalede, konunun İslam kültürü içindeki realizasyonu ile ilgili çalışmalara katkı vermek amacıyla dini danışma ve rehberliğin temel kavramları ve tarihi arka planına odaklanılmıştır. Modern yaşam biçimi toplumsal değişimi hızlandırmakla kalmamış bireysel ihtiyaçları da bir hayli değiştirmiştir. Yaşanan hızlı değişim ve farklılaşan ihtiyaçlar bir takım psikolojik problemleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak insanı olumsuz etkileyen ve hastalanmasına yol açan psikolojik süreçler incelenmeye başlanmıştır. Öte yandan değişimden hayatın değer ve inanç sistemleri de etkilenmiş, kurumsal dini yapılarda ve din hizmeti anlayışlarında önemli değişme ve gelişmeler meydana gelmiştir. Bu sebeple bir taraftan yeni ortaya çıkan olay ve durumlar karşısında dinin bakış açısını ve tutumunu öğrenme ihtiyacı, diğer taraftan yaşanan acı ve krizler karşısında psikolojik yardım ve manevi destek gereksinimleri giderek artmıştır. Kısacası din, insanların kendi başlarına hareket etmekte zorlandığı, rehberliğe ihtiyaç duyduğu bir alan olmuştur. Dini danışma ve rehberlik alandaki ilk çalışmalar, tamamen bir Hıristiyanlık faaliyeti olarak ortaya çıkmış olduğu için bu alana ait ilk kavramlar da Hıristiyan kültürü ile yakından ilgilidir. Dini danışma ve rehberliğin temel kavramlarından olan “pastoral care” genellikle rahip ya da papazların özellikle kilise dışında yürüttükleri dini danışmanlık ve rehberlik hizmetlerini ifade etmektedir. Günümüzdeki dini danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin temelini, Hıristiyan din adamlarının verdiği manevi destek, öğüt ve tavsiye anlamındaki pastoral care faaliyetleri oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca kavramların, Mesih ve teslis inancı; günahsızlık ve günahların kefareti, lütuf yoluyla kurtuluş öğretileri; papazların yanılmazlığı ve ruhbanlık anlayışı; itiraf müessesesi ve kilisenin statüsü gibi Hıristiyan teolojisine ait kökenleri bulunmaktadır. Pastoral care ve pastoral counseling birbirlerinden bir dereceye kadar ayırt edilebilen yardım şekilleridir. Aralarındaki farklılık, papazların insanlarla çalışırken, ilgili psikolojik dinamikler yerine kendilerinin ahlaki duruş mesafelerinden kaynaklanır. Bu nedenle ikisi arasında en geniş ve kapsayıcı pastoral faaliyet, kesinlikle pastoral care çalışmalarıdır. Bu çalışmalar, resmi ve gayrı resmi konuşmalar, diyaloglar ve diğer iletişim etkileşimleri ile gençler, çiftler, yetişkinler ve çeşitli diğer gruplarla daha fazla ya da az yapılandırılmış genel ilişkilerdir. Pastoral counseling olarak adlandırılan yardım ilişkileri ise pastoral care faaliyetlerinin genel ve her yerde uygulanabilirliğinden farklı şekilde, bireylerin belirli bir yerde ve belirli bir süre tahdidi çerçevesinde yapılandırılmış olan yardım faaliyetlerini içerir ki, böyle bir yardım sürecinde papazın dikkatini ve zamanını gerektiren durumlar söz konusudur. Burada ayırt edici nokta, bireyin psikolojik durumu ve sorunlarının daha fazla olmasıdır. Dini danışma ve rehberliğin kurumsal bir hizmet alanı olarak ortaya çıkışı, reform hareketleri ve sanayi devriminin Batı Avrupa ülkelerinin sosyal dokusu ve dini kurumların yapılanması üzerinde yaptığı değişimle doğrudan alakalıdır. Nitekim Katolikler ve özellikle Ortodokslar yeni gelişen psikolojik danışma faaliyetlerinde daha temkinli bir tutum takınırken Protestanlar dini destek ve yardım hizmetlerinde yeni psikolojik teori ve teknikleri kucaklama eğilimi göstermişlerdir. 15. yüzyıldan itibaren oluşan, insana, Tanrı’ya ve âleme bakıştaki farklılaşmanın gerçekleştiği süreç, 18. yüzyılda “aydınlanma” olarak adlandırılan köklü bir değişimi beraberinde getirmiştir. Doğaüstünün doğayla, dinin bilimle, tanrısal buyruğun doğa yasasıyla, din adamlarının filozoflarla yer değiştirmesi ve dini inanca toleransın azalması ile karakterize edilen bu dönemde, din ve maneviyat konusu, psikolojik araştırmalar ve klinik deneyler dışında tutulması gerektiğine inanılan, kişilere özgü, bilim dışı, bilinmez bir özel alan olarak görülmüştür. Psikolojinin bir bilim dalı olarak ortaya çıktığı dönemde bilimsel sahada hâkim olan paradigmanın etkisiyle bilim adamaları her ne kadar din ile sağlıklı bir ilişki kuramadıysa da; özellikle Amerika ve Avrupa’da kilise hizmetleri çerçevesinde “pastoral care” faaliyetlerini yürüten din adamları, modern psikiyatri ve psikoterapi birikiminden etkili bir şekilde yararlanmışlardır. Kilise faaliyetlerinin psikoloji alanındaki gelişmelerden etkilenmesiyle papaz ve rahiplerin dini konulardaki yardım çalışmaları hem kilise içinde hem kilise dışında daha profesyonelce yürütülen faklı bir boyut kazanmaya başlamıştır. Papazların yetiştirilmesinde danışma psikolojisi ve klinik psikolojinin yöntem ve kurallarının kullanılmaya başlamasıyla “pastoral counseling” alanı gelişme göstermeye başlamıştır. Abraham Maslow’un “kendini gerçekleştiren kişiler” hakkındaki araştırmasına kadar (1962) ilgiye layık görülmeyen din ve maneviyat, bu araştırma sonucunda, karşılanması gereken nihai bir ihtiyaç ve önemli bir motivasyon olarak fark edilmiştir. Alanda son yapılan araştırmalar, din ile ruh ve beden sağlığı arasında önemli ilişkilerin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Danışmanlarca, danışanların dini inançlarının danışma sürecine dâhil edilmemesi; danışanın kimliğinin işe yarayan önemli bir bölümünü yok saymakla eş anlamlı kabul edilmektedir. Bu gelişmelerin sonucu olarak bugün başta ABD ve diğer gelişmiş ülkelerde birçok Tıp Fakültesi ve Psikoloji bölümleri, programlarına dini danışmanlıkla ilgili dersler koymaktadır. 20. yüzyılın başından beri Hıristiyan Batı dünyasında uygulanmakta olan pastoral care and counseling faaliyetleri, toplumsal değişmenin küresel etkileri ve gittikçe benimsenen modern yaşamın farklılaşan ihtiyaçlarına bağlı olarak son yıllarda Türkiye’deki akademik çevrelerin ve ilgili kurumların ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. Dini danışma ve rehberlik, kültürümüzde henüz yabancı bir kavram ve kurumsallaşmamış bir hizmet alanı olarak kabul edilse de; Hz. Peygamber’den (s.a.v) bu yana sürdürülen din hizmetlerinin en önemli bölümünü, özü dini rehberlik olan irşat faaliyetleri oluşturmaktadır. Ancak günümüzde modern psikolojik yardım disiplinlerinin ilke ve yaklaşımlarından destek alan yeni irşat modellerine ihtiyaç vardır. Dini danışma ve rehberlik, amaç, ilke, yöntem ve yaklaşımları ile toplumda oluşan yeni ihtiyaç ve beklentileri karşılamaya yönelik sürdürülen çabalara önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır. (shrink)

The study aimed to investigate the impact of behavioral biases on herding for Islamic financial products with the mediation of shariah literacy. An adopted questionnaire from several published studies was used to collect data. The data were collected from 410 respondents and were analyzed with SmartPLS. The results for the direct impact showed that self-attribution, illusion of control, and information availability have a positive and significant impact on herding for Islamic financial products while shariah literacy showed an insignificant impact on (...) herding. The results for mediation showed that previously significant and positive impact turned to insignificant when shariah literacy was introduced as mediating variable between the illusion of control, self-attribution, information availability, and herding. From a theoretical perspective, this study would contribute to the existing body of knowledge of financial decision making from shariah literacy point-out. On the other hand, the findings of this study may be useful for investors to avoid herding in the Islamic financial markets. The authors synthesize the contribution made by behavioral finance studies in extending the knowledge of herding behavior in Islamic financial products with a mediating role of shariah literacy. The key limitation of the study includes data that were collected from three districts of Punjab, Pakistan. (shrink)

La crise et la critique implaquables qui ont mine l'idee de subjectivite et de sujet meme - depuis plusieurs decennies - n'etaient-elles pas dues pour une large part, a l'inachevement des concepts et a celui de la theorie? Inachevement qui cependant, s'est trouve tout a fait masque par l'hypertrophie (mille fois denoncee) du sujet, dans la metaphysique, la morale ou la theorie politique des classiques; et d'ailleurs, masque aussi bien pour ses critiques ulterieurs que pour ses promoteurs. Telle est l'hypothese (...) qui meut cet ouvrage. Elle s'approfondit et surtout en vient a se confirmer, lorsque - s'aidant en quelque sorte des apories et des difficultes memes de la theorie classique parvenue a son apogee - l'on introduit plusieurs notions dont l'absence ou bien le developpement insuffisant, devait conduire a ces difficultes; et plus tard a la critique contemporaine, a son tour (en sens negatif), unilaterale et insuffisante. (shrink)

Among such social-philosophic notions as society, culture, civilization, system, human, sense, sign, truth and others, concept “symbol” takes a special place. Most of the researchers meet the view, that symbol possesses an important place in the development of culture as a social phenomenon. The role of symbol in cultures birth and development is characterized by antipathy and polysemy. However revelation of the symbol role in spiritual processes of cultural transitions is beyond question one of the urgent philosophic issues. Symbol is (...) a form of access to over-sensible culture’s substance, it functions as a money-box and hearth of culture senses, which are included by the systems of signs, images, metaphors into the circulation of world and human relations. (shrink)

The major argument against Ramsey-style epistemic structural realism is the model-theoretic refinement of Newman’s objection against Russell, presented in Ketland : 409–424, 2004), where a technical result is interpreted as showing that the Ramsey-sentence approach collapses into instrumentalism. This paper addresses some questions raised by the application of model theory to the scientific realism debate. Firstly, I will suggest three different formal semantics for the positions in the debate. Then, some technicalities of Ketland’s result will be scrutinized in light of (...) comments by Zahar and Demopoulos. Finally, I will formalize Ketland’s argument by means of an intensional operator and focus on one problematic premise. The conclusion is that, with some adjustments, the Ramsey-sentence approach can represent an intermediate position between realism and instrumentalism, but the term “structuralism” does not suit it well. (shrink)

This communique presents the Q-S synchronization of two nonidentical complex nonlinear hyperchaotic systems with unknown parameters. An adaptive controller based on adaptive integral sliding mode control and parameter update laws are designed to realize the synchronization and parameter identification to a given map vector. The aforementioned strategy’s employment demands the transformation of a system into a specific structure containing a nominal part and some unknown terms. An integral sliding mode controller is used to stabilize the error system by designing nominal (...) control accompanied by compensator control. For chattering suppression, a continuous compensator of smooth nature is used instead of conventional control. The stability of the proposed algorithm is established in an impressive way, using Lyapunov criteria. A numerical simulation is performed to illustrate the validity of the proposed synchronization scheme. (shrink)

Dans l'esprit contemporain, un principe d'émergence remplace les conceptions dualistes ou foncièrement discontinuistes : sur la possibilité générale de la vie et son évolution, sur le passage de l'évolution naturelle à une progression d'ordre historique. Continuité et discontinuité s'y chevauchent et s'y défient. Si l'ontologie en ce domaine n'a pas de donnée positive à avancer, sans elle, la possibilité de principe et le sens général d'un changement de régime ontologique restent à l'état d'impensé.0Or ce qui se traduit là est la (...) tension fondamentale entre l'être et, du côté de la vie comme de l'histoire, l'existence. (shrink)