Mitchell et al. contend that there is no need to posit a contribution based on the formation of associative links to human learning. In order to sustain this argument, they have ignored evidence which is difficult to explain with propositional accounts; and they have mischaracterised the evidence they do cite by neglecting features of these experiments that contradict a propositional account.

In response to Howland’s paper, this seeks to place the focal point of the battle of Munichia in the archaeological remains of Piraeus and what is known of the location of the sanctuary of Bendis. It also considers whether the battle that took place around Munichia would have had sufficient verbal and historical resonance to evoke memory by the framing of the Republic.