Although the paper of Armand Vallin Feingenbaum was the first study about Total Quality Management (TQM) in 1957, there were some quality management applications that were more comprehensive than modern TQM at 1300’s years in Anatolia which is known as Akhi orders. Akhi Orders were established by Anatolian Turks between 13th and 20th centuries. It was implemented in manufacturing, trade and social life and going beyond TQM as having strict rules on professional ethics. At the same time these Akhi orders (...) had precautions about tranquility of the society and directed people to ethical behavior. Although TQM is called “a thought revolution in management” by Ishikawa, it can be argued that this revolution had emerged first back in 13th Century in Anatolia. Yet, in Akhi orders there are several principles that are not encompassed by TQM. The aim of this study is to claim that quality management were used and developed by Anatolian Turks for the first time in the World through scientific methods; to put forward the principles of Turkish Quality Management System(TrQMS), and consequently to contribute to recognition of TrQMS as well as to development of recent quality management systems. (shrink)

Homonyms, i.e. ambiguous words like ‘score’, have different meanings in different contexts. Previous research indicates that all potential meanings of a homonym are first accessed in parallel before one of the meanings is selected in a competitive race. If these processes are automatic, these processes of selection should even be observed when homonyms are shown subliminally. This study measured the time course of subliminal and supraliminal priming by homonyms with a frequent and a rare meaning in a neutral context, using (...) a lexical decision task. In the subliminal condition, priming across prime-target asynchronies ranging from 100 ms to 1.5 s indicated that the dominant meaning of homonyms was facilitated and the subordinate meaning was inhibited. This indicates that selection of meaning was much faster with subliminal presentation than with supraliminal presentation. Awareness of a prime might decelerate an otherwise rapid selection process. (shrink)

In this event-related potential study a masking technique that prevents conscious perception of words and non-words through attentional distraction was used to reveal the temporal dynamics of word processing under non-conscious and conscious conditions. In the non-conscious condition, ERP responses differed between masked words and non-words from 112 to 160 ms after stimulus-onset over posterior brain areas. The early onset of the word–non-word differences was compatible with previous studies that reported non-conscious access to orthographic information within this time period. Moreover, (...) source localisations provided evidence for automatic activation of prelexical phonological information, whereas no evidence for non-conscious semantic processing was found. When subjects were informed about the masking technique, lexical differences occurred at later time intervals, suggesting conscious access to additional word related information. These results indicate that early visual word processing does not depend entirely on attentional resources, but that non-conscious processing probably is restricted to rather lower-level linguistic information. (shrink)

In diesem Aufsatz werden die exegetische Methoden analysiert, die Theodor von Mopsuestia in seiner Auslegung des Buches Jona benutzt hat. Im ersten Teil wird über seiner theologisch-hermeneutische Grundlagen geschrieben, während im zweiten Teil seine Exegese an konkreten Beispielen dargestellt wird. Dabei wird der gramatisch-hystorischer Sinn der Texten betont, welchen Theodor bevorzugt hat. Das wird besonders in seiner Exegese des Jonas Aufenthalt im Fischbauch und Jonas Befreiung dargestellt. In diesem Aufsatz wird die Theodors Methode der Theoria (θεωρίᾳ) dargestellt und danach das (...) hermeneutische Prinzip „κατὰ παρέκβασιν“, sowie seine reduzierte Anwendung der gewöhnlichen Typologie. Aus der hermeneutischen Perspektive betrachtet, es ist besonders sein Verständnis der Heiligen Schrift als „abgekürzte Rede“ interessant, woraus das im Text erwähnte Geschehen rekonstruiert werden kann. (shrink)

The general knowledge of Brentano's ethical doctrines comes from the little book of his, Vom Ursprung sittlicher Erkenntnis, first published in 1889. Only the recent publications and the insight into his not yet published correspondence throw more light on the history of his axiology.

Mr. Kubat attributes much of the misinformation about Brentano's theories to the lack of an edition of Brentano's collected writing. If anyone should wish to know more about Brentano's doctrines, he may have been led by this remark to despair of finding them anywhere in print. The three works which Mr. Kubat mentions, Grundlegung und Aufbau der Ethik, Religion und Philosophie, and Die Lehre vom richtigen Urteil, all edited by F. Mayer-Hillebrand and published by A. Francke in Bern, (...) represent no more than a continuation of the Gesamtausgabe of Brentano's writings which was begun by Oskar Kraus and Alfred Kastil after Brentano's death. The volumes in the Gesamtausgabe represent ten numbers in Meiner's Philosophische Bibliothek and are listed under the heading, "Gesammelte philosophische Schriften." They contain not only new editions of much of the work which Brentano published during his lifetime, but a large amount of material which Kraus and Kastil selected from his enormous Nachlass as well. I am sure that Mrs. Mayer-Hillebrand herself would be the first to recognize that the three published volumes she has edited, and the one on esthetics which is soon to appear in print, are part of a whole which also includes the volumes edited by Kraus and Kastil. Taken altogether, the thirteen volumes that have been published by Meiner and by Francke can well be viewed as at least an adequate substitute for a collected edition. Surely they include everything which is necessary to dispel the common misinformation which Mr. Kubat tries to explain by denying their existence. The trouble has not been the lack of a collected edition, but the lack of readers. (shrink)