The verbo-visual metaphor is widely used in messages of a persuasive nature. It is also used in educational materials, where it serves to better explain and fix the presented material in the memory of the recipient. Metaphor is based on an incongruity that the recipient must notice and then read the mapping - read what the presence of the incongruity is supposed to convey. Researchers involved in identifying verbo-visual metaphors describe two types of incongruity that can occur in this type (...) of message: topic incongruity and property incongruity. Mastering the methods of identifying and analyzing metaphors is particularly useful for learning how to make the best use of this tool, i.e., how to produce memorable metaphors that explain the problem under consideration well. (shrink)

Rejection and loneliness. Joachim Bauer on the sources of human aggression: Aggression by other people, in its various manifestations, is a common phenomenon of the modern world. The mass and repetitiveness of aggressive behaviour support the position of anthropological pessimism. This position is dominant in social sciences, including psychology. The author of the paper considers whether the researchers, who show the evil of human nature, are right. While doing so she refers to Joachim Bauer’s counterarguments presented in his book Schmerz­grenze (...) —­ Vom­ Ursprung ­alltäglicher ­und­ globaler­ Gewalt [Pain threshold: on the origin of everyday and global violence]. Bauer rejects the view that aggression is inevitable and is a natural human need. In his opinion, it is pain of rejection that is the source of human aggression. (shrink)

The article presents the results of research on the relationship between social support and self-care of people with myocardial infarction. 127 patients treated in a rehabilitation centre participated in the study. The Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviours and the Self-care Questionnaire developed by the author, were used. The findings suggest that persons receiving little support are characterised by lower level of self-care than people with medium and high level of support. No such difference was noted between people with medium and (...) high support level. This suggests that social support is of considerable importance for the changes in the level of self-care only in the case of people previously receiving little support. The research also indicates that informational support is related to higher level of self-care whereas instrumental support is related to lower level of self-care. Emotional support was significant only for the care for social functioning. (shrink)