Psiholingvistički pogled na početno opismenjavanje

Metodicki Ogledi 14 (1):61-76 (2007)
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Abstract

Početno je opismenjavanje najsloženija nastavna djelatnost za učitelje razredne nastave. Nedovoljna upućenost svih sudionika obrazovanja u dječje jezično-komunikacijske mogućnosti, s kojima nisu usklađeni zahtjevi nastavnoga programa, učenicima, učiteljima i roditeljima učenika prvoga razreda stvara mnogo problema.Razredni odjeli prvoga razreda najneujednačenija su odgojna skupina koja se uopće može zamisliti. Đaci-prvašići međusobno se razlikuju po govorno-intelektualnim sposobnostima, zadržavanju koncentrirane pozornosti, interesima, predznanju, navikama, iskustvu, socio-emocionalnoj zrelosti, potrebama itd.S druge strane, nastava materinskoga jezika specifična je u odnosu prema drugim nastavnim predmetima. Najvažnija joj je nastavna zadaća razviti učenikove jezično-komunikacijske mogućnosti, odnosno osposobiti ih da razmjenjuju poruke na materinskom jeziku. Zato je nužno da ovladaju jezičnim djelatnostima govorenja, slušanja, čitanja i pisanja. Na početku školovanja učenici mogu oblikovati jednostavne govorne poruke, izraziti misli i želje. Mogu i razumjeti jednostavne govorne poruke. Početak školovanja osobit je po tome što se djeca prvi put izlažu novim govornim djelatnostima, čitanju i pisanju. Međutim, čitanje i pisanje neizmjerno se razlikuju od govorenja i slušanja. Nepoznavanje te činjenice te neodgovarajući odgojni postupci uzrok su većini teškoća za sve sudionike u procesu početnoga opismenjavanja.Teaching initial literacy is the most complex teaching activity for junior primary school teachers. A lack of informedness of all the participants in education about a child’s linguistic-communication capabilities, which the syllabus demands are in discord with, creates countless problems for pupils, teachers and parents.Primary school first grade classes are the most unbalanced education groups imaginable. First graders differ from one another in their linguistic-intellectual capabilities, the amount of attention they can pay, focus, interests, background knowledge, habits, prior experience, socio-emotional maturity, needs, etc.Nevertheless, teaching one’s mother tongue is specific in relation to all the other subjects. Its most important teaching goal is developing the child’s linguistic- communication capabilities, i.e. developing the skill of exchanging messages in one’s mother tongue, which is why it is absolutely essential for the pupils to master the linguistic competences of speaking, listening, reading and writing. At the very beginning of their education pupils can form simple speech messages, and express their thoughts and desires. They can also understand only simple speech messages. The beginning of one’s education is peculiar because the child is exposed to two new linguistic competences – namely, reading and writing – for the first time. However, reading and writing differ tremendously from speaking and listening. Being unfamiliar with this fact and inadequate educational procedures are the cause of the vast majority of difficulties for all the participants in the process of teaching initial literacy

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