Abstract

In the philosophy of Bernard Lonergan, human moral action is identified with finding effective solutions to problems. In order to solve any problem, four things are required: an understanding of the problem, and understanding of the solution, the willingness to effect the solution, and the cooperation of others in establishing and maintaining the solution. The degree to which any of these four is lacking is the degree to which the problem remains unsolved or even aggravated. ;We are motivated to solve problems by affect. Most important among our affects for the solution of problems is the desire to know, which spurs us to understand what is and what should be, and motivates us to live in accordance with this knowledge. Other affects may reinforce the desire to know, but they may also conflict with the desire to know. This conflict creates the temptation to avoid understanding, and it is this avoidance that Lonergan calls bias. Because bias is an avoidance of understanding, it cannot be overcome by argument or evidence. The only way to overcome bias is to address the affect that motivates and maintains it. ;Lonergan defines symbols as images of something real or imaginary that evoke or are evoked by affect. Lonergan mentions several kinds of images which fit this definition. Lonergan did little more than mention them, however, and he did not draw out the implications of the relationship between symbols and bias. Important types of symbols are myth , allegory , and ritual . Humour, cathartic images, and role models also have important symbolic roles to play in overcoming bias. ;This thesis explores the relationship of the various kinds of symbols which Lonergan mentions, with the goal of showing how the creation and use of appropriate symbols constitute a necessary condition for overcoming bias. Symbols affect bias in a variety of ways, and many of these Lonergan never addressed, or did so only in passing. By understanding and using symbols intelligently and reasonably, we can cultivate in ourselves and in others a rich and integrated affectivity which will be aligned with and enhance our understanding, willing, and cooperating