In a typical experiment on the misinformation effect, subjects first watch some event, afterwards read a description of it which in the experimental group includes some incorrect details, and answer questions relating to the original event. Typically, subjects in the misled experimental group report more false details than those from the control group. The main purpose of the presented study was to compare two methods of reducing the misinformation effect, namely - warning against misinformation and reinforced self-affirmation. The reinforced self-affirmation (...) consists of two elements: the participants recall their greatest achievements of life, and are being given a positive feedback about their performance in a memory task. The obtained results showed that the reinforced self-affirmation was more effective than warning, although the latter also caused a significant reduction of the vulnerability to misinformation. (shrink)

Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony The article presents experiments exploring the memory misinformation effect. Subjects heard a recording and afterwards read a description of it, which included, in the misled group, some details inconsistent with the recording; finally thay answered questions about the recording. The aim of the research was to replicate the tainted truth effect, consisting in poor memory functioning of non-misled warned subjects and to check whether (...) a subject's involvement in the issue moderates this effect. Highly involved subjects were more resistant to the misinformation effect than those lowly involved. In the case of highly involved participants, warning was effective in reducing the misinformation effect, but it also caused more errors in the case of non-misled subjects. Thus, warning witnesses about nonexising discrepancies between what they saw/heard and what they were told, might lead to less accurate testimony. (shrink)

Genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to cognitive ageing. However, the extent to which the public attribute changes in thinking skills to either genetic or lifestyle factors is largely unknown. This may be important if it impacts engagement in activities deemed beneficial to thinking skills. This study, therefore, explored people’s beliefs about determinants of cognitive ageing and whether those beliefs were associated with engagement in potentially beneficial behaviours. Data were collected through a United Kingdom-wide survey of people aged 40 and over. (...) Participants completed questions about their beliefs regarding cognitive ageing, and specifically the extent to which they believed lifestyle or genetic factors influence those changes, and their engagement in specific behaviours that may be cognitively beneficial. Responses from 3,130 individuals were analysed using chi-square tests of independence, principal component analysis and ANCOVAs to investigate whether their attribution of genetic or lifestyle determinants were associated with their beliefs about cognitive ageing and their participation in brain health-related behaviours. Most respondents believed genes and lifestyle contribute equally to age-related changes in cognitive skills. Respondents who believed genetic factors were more influential were less likely to expect cognitive skills might be improved or maintained with age, less sure what behaviours might be associated with brain health, and less likely to engage in behaviours comprising mental challenge/novelty supported as beneficial for brain health. From this United Kingdom-wide survey about beliefs regarding potential determinants of cognitive ageing, some of our respondents’ views were not aligned with the findings from ageing research. It is important for the public to know how to keep their brains healthy. Our results indicate a need for clearer messaging highlighting the role of lifestyle factors for brain health. (shrink)

Abstract:In 1798, Friedrich Schlegel published a review of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship, extolling Johann Wolfgang Goethe's book as a masterpiece. At the same time, he commenced work on Lucinde, which caused a moral scandal and was criticized widely. Here, I retrace several threads of Schlegel's novel that testify to the fact that his assessment of Goethe's work may not have been so unequivocally favorable as it might seem at first sight. When looking at Wilhelm Meister through Lucinde's eyes, we can see (...) that Schlegel challenges the Goethean philosophy of man, and his novel remains the only consistent record of this criticism. (shrink)

Częstochowa, której początki sięgają XI wieku, jest miastem położonym w województwie śląskim. Prawa miejskie otrzymała w 1356 roku. To największe centrum kultu religijnego w Polsce, do którego w 2022 roku przybyło z całego świata 2,5 mln pielgrzymów, a ich celem była Jasna Góra. Częstochowa jest miastem akademickim, rozwijającym się ośrodkiem kultury i sztuki. Artykuł poświęcony jest zarówno historycznym, jak i współczesnym obiektom Częstochowy, których najważniejszą wartością jest ich wymiar symboliczny. Autorka zaprezentowała obiekty religijne, architektoniczne, artystyczne, które są upamiętnieniem ważnych postaci (...) dla historii miasta związanych z literaturą, teatrem, malarstwem, rzeźbą oraz działalnością społecznikowską na rzecz mieszkańców. Przedmiotem badań jest analiza pod kątem przeobrażeń współczesnych znaczeń i symboli, którym poddana została przestrzeń krajobrazowa jednej z najsłynniejszych arterii miejskich, jaką jest Aleja Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Tematyka badań dotyczy analizy przykładów obiektów artystycznych zlokalizowanych na obszarze głównej arterii miasta oraz sąsiadującego z nią Starego Rynku położonego w dzielnicy zwanej Starym Miastem, którymi przemieszczają się nie tyko mieszkańcy i turyści, ale także rzesze pielgrzymów krajowych i zagranicznych zmierzających do dominującego w krajobrazie miejskim Sanktuarium Jasnogórskiego. W tej przestrzeni miejskiej znalazła swoje miejsce także sztuka, którą uznano za dobre tło i scenę dla działań artystycznych w postaci m.in. rzeźb, pomników i murali upamiętniających twórczość artystów, tworząc w ten sposób przestrzeń do rozmyślań, emocji i wspomnień. Artykuł kończą rozważania, czy we współczesnych czasach można połączyć dążenie do tworzenia nowoczesnej przestrzeni publicznej z zachowaniem ciągłości historycznej i niezaprzeczalnych miejskich wartości. (shrink)

Although research has examined the role leaders may play in shaping job re-design behaviors among their subordinates, little is known about the way managers craft their jobs as compared to other employees. In two crosssectional studies we tested whether organizational rank affects the frequency of job crafting, and to what extent this relationship is mediated via perceived autonomy. Study 1 demonstrated that managers craft their jobs more frequently than non-managers by increasing structural job resources and seeking challenges at work. We (...) also showed that autonomy explains the relationship between organizational rank and the frequency of increasing structural and social job demands, as well as seeking challenges. However, managers did not craft their jobs by decreasing job demands more often than regular employees. In Study 2 we replicated this pattern of results, subsequently demonstrating that managers with shorter tenure use their autonomy to craft their jobs via decreasing job demands. We discuss the contributions and potential implications of these results. (shrink)