In this paper, we consider the class of four-valued literal-paraconsistent-paracomplete logics constructed by combination of isomorphs of classical logic CPC. These logics form a 10-element upper semi-lattice with respect to the functional embeddinig one logic into another. The mechanism of variation of paraconsistency and paracompleteness properties in logics is demonstrated on the example of two four-element lattices included in the upper semi-lattice. Functional properties and sets of tautologies of corresponding literal-paraconsistent-paracomplete matrices are investigated. Among the considered matrices there are the (...) matrix of Puga and da Costa's logic V and the matrix of paranormal logic P1I1, which is the part of a sequence of paranormal matrices proposed by V. Fernández. (shrink)

The article assumes that the search for legitimacy (politics) and the demand for public governance efficiency and effectiveness (policies) are closely intertwined and cannot be separated either structurally or substantively. The legitimacy of policies is not simply a consequence of the legitimacy of political power, but is created by bringing stakeholders together in the process of policy making and implementing. Therefor policy needs to be managed in order to restrict unpredictability when formulating and implementing collective choices. We argue that the (...) policy initiator should act as policy manager binding the whole process from the idea to the results. (shrink)

We consider the logics determined by the set of all natural implicative expansions of Kleene’s strong 3-valued matrix and select the class of all logics functionally equivalent to Łukasiewicz’s 3-valued logic Ł3. The concept of a “natural implicative matrix” is based upon the notion of a “natural conditional” defined in Tomova.