The concept of human nature in Machiavelli’s work can be discussed on two levels. The first level regards its fundamental anthropological pessimism. The starting points of Machiavelli’s political philosophy is that people are inclined by nature to be evil, which, as quoted in The Discourses on Livy, must be taken as a starting assumption by every legislator. On the second level, the nature of a particular man is essentially unchangeable, and thus when it agrees with the times, he succeeds, and (...) when a man is in contradiction with what is required by the context, failure is inevitable. Many examples from Machiavelli’s work show that his pessimistic insight into human nature is the foundation upon which his entire political theory is built. The human nature, prone to evil and selfishness, is the explanation for the creation of communities, laws and state institutions, but also for the dynamics that lead to their decay and destruction. (shrink)