A major part of research into cyber‐propaganda discusses the following components it uses: disinformation, creating fake news and employing so‐called farm trolls. Actions of this kind do not correspond with the classic division of soft and hard power, since neither can their goals nor the means they utilise be unambiguously defined as coercion, payment, or attraction. In my article, I describe the hidden means of propaganda employed by the Russian Federation that are additionally supported by a process of armament which (...) cannot be classified as an act of disinformation. These actions aim at achieving a specific type of psychological vantage which stems from an atmosphere of fear, lack of trust, and enmity created within European societies as a result of the incoming information about Russia’s increasing military potential as well as new, dangerous means and resources that could be utilised in combat. Such an atmosphere is referred to as a “war in the head”, and it pertains to the personal belief that a military conflict is imminent, expressed by individual citizens including those in key public offices. This phenomenon, while bringing to mind Hobbes’ state of nature which encompasses the distinct readiness to fight, directly afflicts the internal and international security of European states. Such a situation directly afflicts the internal and international security of European states, for the state of fear and distrust leads to the dismantlement of public democratic institutions, and it does not help in the search for effective methods of solving either internal or global problems. (shrink)

This article will try to indicate the most important theories which constitute the modern paradigm of the war. The theory of the war is an important issue in political philosophy because it accentuates how the boundaries of the existence and the functioning of the state are drawn. Seeking works that form the basis of the paradigm, one should begin with presenting a specific structure of the theory proposed by T. Kuhn. On this basis the article will be divided into three (...) parts. The first part is focused on the construction of Kuhn’s scientific paradigm. Additionally in order to prove the meaningful use of paradigmatic structure in issues connected to humanities and philosophy Giorgio Agamben thesis will also be presented. The next part will expose the main elements of Carl von Clausewitz's theory of war. The most important of these is an assumption that war is the continuation of political action that seeks to compel the enemy to fulfill “our will”. The second element to be tested will be a political concept of Carl Schmitt along with its specific categories of the enemy and the friend. The second element to be tested will be Carl Schmitt’s the Concept of the political with its specific categories: the enemy and the friend. The third part of the paper will present the concept of Jerzy Wiatr. Its task will be to supplement the paradigm by showing that the parties of the war may be a “political community” and not only the state. This will help to extend the applicability of the paradigm in various fields of the social sciences. The ultimate aim will be to convince the reader that these theories are the most important part of the paradigm. Moreover, there is a high probability that they became the basis for the modern paradigm of the war. (shrink)