This paper uses structural analogies to competing political philosophies of human society as a heuristic tool to differentiate between ecological theories and to bring out new aspects of apparently well-known classics of ecological scholarship. These two different areas of knowledge have in common that their objects are ‘societies’, i.e. units composed of individuals, and that contradictory and competing theories about these supra-individual units exist. The benefit of discussing ecological theories in terms of their analogies to political philosophies, in this case (...) liberalism, democratism and conservatism, consists in the fact that political philosophies show clear differences and particularities as regards their approach to the concepts of individuality and intentional action. The method therefore helps to expose peculiarities of ecological theories that are usually considered canonical, as well as hybrid forms, and to differentiate between two different types of theories about functional wholes. The basis of this method is the constitutional-theoretical premise that modern paradigms of socialization structure the ecological discourse. (shrink)

RESUMO O presente artigo pretende sistematizar os principais elementos do conceito de "cena", termo fundamental para a conexão entre teoria e método no pensamento do filósofo francês Jacques Rancière. O "método da igualdade" empregado por Rancière pretende, entre outras coisas, delimitar os diferentes momentos de conflito entre regimes de verdade e atos de tomada da palavra - independentemente de classificações feitas a priori como dados para se investigar um objeto de estudo - por meio do conceito de "literalidade", que demonstra (...) duas lógicas distintas de circulação das palavras: de um lado, uma lógica "policial"; de outro, uma lógica "política". Desta maneira, o conceito de "cena" é um elemento central em uma significativa mudança da relação teoria-metodologia-objeto defendida por boa parte do meio acadêmico, inclusive na área de história, nos dias atuais, uma vez que toma a própria noção de historicidade como descontínua e considera amplamente a racionalidade das palavras em vez da minuciosa articulação dos fatos. ABSTRACT This article intends to systematize the main elements of the concept of 'scene', a fundamental term for the connection between theory and method in the thought of the French philosopher Jacques Rancière. Rancière's 'method of equality' aims, among other things, to delineate the different moments of conflict between regimes of truth and acts of taking the word - regardless of classifications made a priori as data to investigate an object of study - through of the concept of 'literality', which demonstrates two distinct logics of word circulation: on the one hand, a 'police' logic; on the other, a 'political' logic. In this way, the concept of 'scene' is a central element in a significant change in the theory-methodology-object relation defended by a fair amount of the academic world, including in history field, nowadays, since it takes the very notion of historicity as discontinuous and broadly considers the rationality of words rather than the detailed articulation of facts. (shrink)