Life and its Future

Springer Verlag (2021)
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Abstract

This book is aimed at those who wish to understand more about the molecular basis of life and how life on earth may change in coming centuries. Readers of this book will gain knowledge of how life began on Earth, the natural processes that have led to the great diversity of biological organisms that exist today, recent research into the possibility of life on other planets, and how the future of life on earth faces unprecedented pressures from human-made activities. Readers will obtain a perspective on the potential risks of chemical or nuclear warfare, and the ever-increasing risks from human activities that are causing pollution and climate change with global heating. Readers will also learn about ongoing research efforts to generate “designer lifeforms” through synthetic biology and applications of artificial intelligence. The book makes an integrated, up-to-date, overview of topics often considered as separate fields. It should be valuable to students, teachers, and people who are concerned about the future of life.

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Chapters

Early Ideas About the Origin of Life

Early ideas about the origin of the cosmos and of life on Earth can be found in the myths of different nations and in religions. A number of these reflections are reviewed. The myths are based on imagination and form impressive pieces of literature.

Natural Risks to Life

We discuss some prominent major natural risks to life including the epidemics and pandemics caused by micro-organisms such as bacteria or viruses, with detail on the ongoing covid-19 pandemic. We also consider localised severe climatic or geological events and extra-terrestrial risks from hits by as... see more

Human-Made Risks and Climate Change with Global Heating

In this chapter, we discuss the evidence for climate change through global warming and the evidence that this global heating has an anthropogenic origin. We discuss the inter-linked issue of the increasing human population and then turn to the ongoing efforts to mitigate or arrest climate change. Fi... see more

Artificial Intelligence: Opportunity or Risk?

This chapter discusses the development of computers capable of machine-learning and artificial intelligence. We discuss examples of beneficial applications in bioscience research and potential utility in clinical diagnosis along with the huge potential for great risks. We introduce the idea of trans... see more

Life on Other Planets

It has long been discussed if life exists outside the Earth. We discuss the environmental conditions thought to be necessary to support life; calculations of the number of possible habitable planets; ongoing research on the environment of Mars, and efforts to search for life outside the Solar system... see more

Human-Made Risks from Nuclear and Chemical Warfare

A major human-made and general risk to life arises from the large number of weapons designed for mass destruction. The history and present potential of nuclear and chemical weapons are briefly reviewed. Hydrogen bombs are now owned by many countries and have an overkill potential. Extremely dangerou... see more

Outlook

In this chapter we summarise the ongoing risks to human life and risks to life on Earth in general that we have discussed throughout this book and introduce, for context, the formal Global Risks assessments made by the World Economic Forum. Rapid changes in the human way of life are needed to reduce... see more

Biological Evolution

Over more than 4 billion years, many millions of species have developed on Earth by biological evolution under natural selection. We summarise the theory of the mechanism of evolution as developed by Charles Darwin. We survey later research that led to the identification of DNA as the molecule of in... see more

Introduction

We consider previous and contemporary definitions of life and introduce the scope of topics that will be covered in other chapters of this book.

Manipulated Evolution and Artificial Life

Since the 1970s, laboratory methods have been developed in molecular biology that allow for the manipulation of the DNA sequences of genes or the genome of an organism. Expression of proteins in bacteria, genetic modifications of mice and other animals or plants, and the CRISPR/cas9 gene editing tec... see more

The Scientific View of the Origin of Life

We discuss how environmental conditions of the early Earth about 4.5 billion years ago have been estimated from astronomy, geology and chemistry. Of major interest are the prebiotic chemical constituents from which life began. We discuss models for precursors of the first cells, including more detai... see more

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