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Freedom and Culture

Idealistic Studies 48 (2):175-194 (2018)

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  1. Why the Confucians had no concept of race : Cultural difference, environment, and achievement.Shuchen Xiang - 2019 - Philosophy Compass 14 (10):e12628.
    This paper argues that Confucianism had an antiessentialist conception of selfhood. This understanding of self means that they did not have, and could not have had, a concept of “race” in the sense that one's essence determines one's becoming. In the Confucian canon, the embodiment of cultural norms/performance of culturally appropriate actions defines one's human-ness. This account of human agency in becoming human can be seen in the Confucian explanation of moral failure. This assumption of human agency also means that (...)
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  • Chinese Processual Holism and Its Attitude Towards “Barbarians” and Non-Humans.Shuchen Xiang - 2020 - Sophia 60 (4):941-964.
    This paper argues that the ‘processual holism’ of Chinese metaphysics explains its characteristic attitude towards non-humans such as animals and demons. As all things are constantly in process and form a continuum, it follows that ontological distinctions between ‘species’ become impossible to delimit. The distinctions one makes are instead understood as perspectival and provisional. These metaphysical assumptions explain the lack of interest in the Chinese tradition for classifying the distinctions between humans and non-human. We see many examples of the different (...)
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  • Animism, Empathy and Human Development.Michael W. Fox - 1995 - Between the Species 11 (1):2.
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