This theoretical paper proposes a new perspective to understand the moral distress of nurses more fully, using virtue ethics. Moral distress is a widely studied subject, especially with respect to the determination of its causes and manifestations. Increasing the theoretical depth of previous work using ethical theory, however, can create new possibilities for moral distress to be explored and analyzed. Drawing on more recent work in this field, we explicate the conceptual framework of the process of moral distress in nurses, (...) proposed by Ramos et al., using MacIntyrean virtue ethics. Our analysis considers the experience of moral distress in the context of a practice, enabling the adaptation of this framework using virtue ethics. The adoption of virtue ethics as an ethical perspective broadens the understanding of the complexity of nurses’ experiences of moral distress, since it is impossible to create a ready model that can cover all possibilities. Specifically, we describe how identity, social context, beliefs, and tradition shape moral discomfort, uncertainty, and sensitivity and how virtues inform moral judgments. Individuals, such as nurses, who are involved in a practice have a narrative history and a purpose ( telos) that guide them in every step of the process, especially in moral judgment. It is worth emphasizing that the process described is supported by the formation of moral competence that, if blocked, can lead to moral distress and deprofessionalization. It is expected that nurses seek to achieve the internal good of their practice, which legitimizes their professional practice and supports them in moral decision-making, preventing moral distress. (shrink)

Розкрито сутність поняття «рейтинг». Доведено значущість рейтингової оцінки для суб’єктів фінансового ринку, зокрема для страхових компаній, потенційних страхувальників, інвесторів та кредиторів.

Many studies have examined clinical and institutional moral problems in the practice of nurses that have led to the experience of moral distress. The causes and implications of moral distress in nurses, however, have not been understood in terms of their implications from the perspective of virtue ethics. This paper analyzes how nurses reach for the telos of their practice, within a context of moral distress. A qualitative case study was carried out in a private hospital in Brazil. Observation and (...) semi‐semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 nurse participants. With the aid of ATLAS.ti software, the data were analyzed by using thematic content analysis using virtue ethics to theorize the findings. These nurses experienced a loss of their nursing identity as they encountered an ambiguous telos and the domination of institutional values. In their reach for the telos of their practice, nurses found an environment permeated by ethical challenges, which not only created moral distress but also created professional invisibility, a phenomenon referred to as ‘invisibility of the self’. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em propor uma leitura acerca da necessária relação entre corpo e alma na elaboração do desejo, tal como exposto em obras como o Filebo e o Banquete de Platão. Na medida em que esses textos versam, dentre seus assuntos principais e de modo mais específico, sobre temas como o prazer e o amor respectivamente, ambos discutem o componente do desejo na gênese tanto da sensação prazerosa, quanto na afecção amorosa. Assim, o que se pretende demonstrar (...) aqui é em que medida o corpo e a alma, de modo indissociável, participam da ação de desejar. Palavras-chave: Platão; Desejo: Corpo; Alma. (shrink)

Orígenes de Alejandría fue un importante referente de la Iglesia oriental, destacado por su enorme saber. Se lo ubica y valora como el primer exégeta que hizo obra científica y como uno de los más grandes pensadores del cristianismo antiguo, ya que en todos los dominios fue capaz de marcar un momento decisivo para el pensamiento contemporáneo suyo y posterior. Maestro de Alejandría y de Cesarea, realizó la primera gran síntesis de teología especulativa y conocimiento de la realidad.En sus reflexiones, (...) fue amplio en la introducción de elementos de la sabiduría de otras tradiciones, entre las que se cuentan la cristiana y judía, así como también la griega y bárbara. Todas estas tradiciones espirituales han coincidido en la afirmación de que el alma humana vive y persiste después de separarse del cuerpo, constituyéndose –nuevamente, según el alejandrino- en un cuerpo etéreo que abandona el cuerpo material. De este modo, alega la supervivencia del alma a la muerte física y la posibilidad de desplazarse en diferentes dimensiones o planos.En este caso, nos detendremos en estudiar, a partir de ciertos pasajes de su obra, aquellos contenidos que posibilitan la comprensión de los tópicos fundamentales para nuestra investigación en torno a los elementos antropológicos que aporta en sus trabajos. Se pondrá especial atención en las nociones de principio, preexistencia, el cuerpo etéreo de la preexistencia, sus transformaciones y su relación con la materia, el hombre en su totalidad y en su trascendencia, y finalmente su vinculación con la restauración final o ἀποκατάστασις. (shrink)

Siguiendo las reflexiones de M.-D. Chenu en Une école de théologie: Le Saulchoir, este artículo se pregunta por la legitimidad del uso del leguaje filosófico en teología. Para ello distingue el campo epistemológico propio de cada disciplina y establece el modo en que razón y fe se relacionan. Aunque es un hecho que en la historia de occidente la teología se expresó en un lenguaje filosófico, en el marco de la cultura contemporánea globalizada, se constata la emergencia de otras racionalidades (...) en la articulación de los discursos sobre Dios. Following the reflections of M-D. Chenu in Une ecole de theologie: Le Saulchoir, this article poses the question of the legitimacy for the use of philosophical language in theology. For this he distinguishes the proper epistemological field of each discipline and establishes the way in which reason and faith are related. Although it is a fact that in the history of the West theology is expressed in a philosophical language, in the framework of globalized contemporary culture, one can confirm the emergence of other forms of reasoning in the articulation of discourse about God. (shrink)

Las fuentes de la revelación han afirmado siempre la presencia salvífica del Espíritu Santo más allá de los límites del antiguo y del nuevo Israel. Este artículo es un intento por percibirla en las ceremonias religiosas de los pueblos indígenas y mestizos del Sur Andino Peruano. Para alcanzar su objetivo, considera las circunstancias que acompañaron el anuncio del Evangelio en América y encuentra en la Carta a los Hebreos una clave para comprender e interpretar el proceso de inculturación del cristianismo (...) en los ritos dedicados a la Madre Tierra. Frente a la idolatría tributaria de la muerte, estos antiguos cultos aparecen como núcleos generadores de vida, que revelan la intervención providente de Dios en situaciones de sufrimiento injusto. (shrink)

The Divine Names explores the different names and metaphoric expressions used in the Bible to refer to God. Dionysius the Areopagite is known as an exponent of positive theology, in the sense that he offers an argumentative and explicit account of the nature of God, relying on the Scripture as a source of knowledge and truth, in contrast to the declared inability of apophatic or negative theology to communicate any knowledge of the divine. Indeed, the Areopagite resorts to the study (...) of biblical terms and to the coinage of hapax, neologisms often derived of known terms with added privative prefixes, in order to refer in some way to the sacred. Our research aims at showing that, for Dionysius, the purpose of pursuing the knowledge of God is not only to grasp the order of the different spheres of existence—present across the Corpus Dionysiacum—but also to connect with Him in hénosis, a living experience of permanent tension towards the Supreme. By focusing in the study of the names of God through exegesis, this paper aims at clarifying eutony, a constant tension towards God, as the central theme of the Byzantine theologian’s thought. (shrink)

There is a metaphysical affinity among beings that can be called ontological principle of continuity. According to this principle, the lowest level of being has its origin in the attenuation of higher grade, and the reality is understood as an analogy hierarchical of beings, which are arranged in cascades descending to the last degree. In this paper consign the most important passages related to De Veritate in which this argument is present.

Ao longo da leitura do Simpósio de Platão, é possível compreender a estreita relação entre o apetite (ἐπιθυμία) e o amor (ἔρως), enquanto este se manifesta, em última instância, como um apetite de imortalidade (ἐπιθυμία τῆς ἀθανασίας). Entretanto, este mesmo amor, que potencializa a alma na descoberta do belo em si mesmo (τὸ καλόν), também pode aprisionar o homem na sedução do sensível, levando-o a crer que nada é mais real do que a experiência amorosa pura e simples que se (...) esgota na apreciação de um belo corpo. É, pois, nessa tensão entre as coisas físicas e aquelas verdades eternas que as sustentam que se inscreve a ambivalência de eros. Nossa análise pretende, através de uma leitura do mito-alegoria de Poros e Penia, contado pela sacerdotisa de Mantinéia, Diotima, a partir do passo 203a do Simpósio, demonstrar como a ambivalência constituinte do amor já se encontra, tout court, nas próprias características dos progenitores de eros, tais como delineadas por Platão nesse trecho. Penia, a deusa da Pobreza, seria essencialmente responsável pela precariedade e passividade de Eros perante as coisas sensíveis ou, também de modo ambivalente, já na descrição da deusa encontram-se indícios de uma potência criativa capaz de planejamento e de atividade? E o que dizer de Poros, pai do amor? Ele explicaria suficientemente bem este apetite incessante de Eros que deseja ir sempre mais além do objeto já experimentado? (shrink)

Soberanía y obediencia fueron dos nociones clave en las discusiones que se dieron en los albores de la modernidad. Parte de los debates se centró en la cuestión de la legitimidad del poder político y, en consecuencia, en por qué debemos obedecer, qué beneficios trae la obediencia y cuáles son sus límites. En todos estos casos, la noción de violencia aparece con diferentes rostros, y principalmente con la fisonomía de la guerra —punto de máxima expresión de la violencia explícita—, problema (...) que la autoridad política viene, de alguna manera, a resolver. El Estado soberano, sin embargo, lejos está de ser la representación del irenismo, se convierte en monopolio legítimo de la violencia. Este trabajo pretende abordar tales cuestiones desde las teorías de Hobbes y Harrington. Ambos justificaron la obligación de los súbditos a acatar la ley que se impone y que garantiza, por sobre todas las cosas, su vida. (shrink)

"Williams's masterful translation satisfies (at last!) a long-standing need. There are lots of good translations of Augustine's great work, but until now we have been forced to choose between those that strive to replicate in English something of the majesty and beauty of Augustine's Latin style and those that opt instead to convey the careful precision of his philosophical terminology and argumentation. Finally, Williams has succeeded in capturing both sides of Augustine's mind in a richly evocative, impeccably reliable, elegantly readable (...) presentation of one of the most impressive achievements in Western thought--Augustine's Confessions." --Scott MacDonald, Professor of Philosophy and Norma K. Regan Professor in Christian Studies, Cornell University. (shrink)

This book offers a critical introduction to the work of American philosopher D. G. Leahy (1937-2014). Leahy's fundamental thinking can be characterized as an absolute creativity in which all creating is 'live' -- a happening occurring now that manifests a supersaturated polyontological actuality that is essentially created by the logic that characterizes it. Leahy leaves behind the categorial presuppositions of modern thought, eclipsing both Cartesian and Hegelian subjectivities and introducing instead an essentially new form of thinking founded in a nondual (...) logic of creation. The new thinking delineates the absolute unicity of existence as a creative interactivity beyond all traditional dichotomies (such as one vs. many, unity vs. plurality, identity vs. change): a fully "digitized" actuality that is nothing but newness, which inherently implies nothing but change. Through this new form of thinking, change itself is revealed to be the very essence of reality and mind. Any reader looking for a quantum leap beyond the thrall of modern and postmodern fixations is invited to hear and apprehend this new thinking that refuses to be conditioned by paradigms, categories, species, genera, walls, bridges, boundaries, or abstractions: an essentially free thinking that embodies creative novelty itself. (shrink)

R.I.G Hughes offers the first detailed and accessible analysis of the Hilbert-space models used in quantum theory and explains why they are so successful.

In this first paperback edition, a new introduction by Tom Burke establishes the ongoing importance of Sleeper's analysis of the integrity of Dewey's work and ...

This book is not a study of Plato's philosophy, but a contribution to the literary interpretation of the dialogues, through analysis of their formal structure, ...

Linking the process of rational decision making to emotions, an award-winning scientist who has done extensive research with brain-damaged patients notes the dependence of thought processes on feelings and the body's survival-oriented regulators. 50,000 first printing.

Political liberals ask citizens not to appeal to certain considerations, including religious and philosophical convictions, in political deliberation. We argue that political liberals must include a demanding requirement of intellectual modesty in their ideal of citizenship in order to motivate this deliberative restraint. The requirement calls on each citizen to believe that the best reasoners disagree about the considerations that she is barred from appealing to. Along the way, we clarify how requirements of intellectual modesty relate to moral reasons for (...) deliberative restraint. And we argue against attempts to weaken our requirement of intellectual modesty by emphasizing those moral reasons. (shrink)

Many philosophers believe that there is a causal condition on perception, and that this condition is a conceptual truth about perception. A highly influential argument for this claim is based on intuitive responses to Gricean style thought experiments. Do the folk share the intuitions of philosophers? Roberts et al. (2016) presented participants with two kinds of cases: Blocker cases (similar to Grice’s case involving a mirror and a pillar) and Non-Blocker cases (similar to Grice’s case involving a clock and brain (...) stimulation). They found that a substantial minority agreed that seeing occurs in the Non-Blocker cases, and that in the Blocker cases significantly less agreed that seeing occurs. They thus hypothesized that folk intuitions better align with a no blocker condition than with a causal condition. This paper continues this line of enquiry with two new experiments. The paper investigates the generality and robustness of Roberts et al.’s findings by expanding the sense modalities tested from only vision to audition and olfaction as well. The paper also uses Gricean style thought experiments as a case study for investigating the “reflection defense” against the negative project in experimental philosophy. Our results replicate and extend Roberts et al.’s study and support their hypothesis that folk intuitions better align with a no blocker condition. They also provide an empirical reason to doubt the reflection defense. (shrink)

The Hellenistic philosophers and schools of philosophy are emerging from the shadow of Plato and Aristotle and are increasingly studied for their intrinsic philosophical value. They are not only interesting in their own right, but also form the intellectual background of the late Roman Republic. This study gives a comprehensive and readable account of the principal doctrines of the Stoics, Epicureans and various sceptical traditions from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. to around 200 A.D. Discussions are (...) arranged topically in order to address underlying issues and to make clear what the different schools have in common and how they differ. At the same time the coherence of each system as a whole is emphasized. (shrink)

Determining what has gone wrong in a malfunctioning body and proposing an effective treatment requires expertise. Since antiquity, philosophers and doctors have wondered what sort of knowledge this expertise involves, and whether and how it can warrant its conclusions. Few people were as qualified to deal with these questions as Galen of Pergamum. A practising doctor with a keen interest in logic and natural science, he devoted much of his enormous literary output to the task of putting medicine on firm (...) methodological grounds. At the same time he reflected on philosophical issues entailed by this project, such as the nature of experience, its relation to reason, the criteria of truth, and the methods of justification. This volume explores Galen's contributions to epistemology, as they arise in the specific inquiries and polemics of his works, as well as their legacy in the Islamic world. (shrink)

The renowned philosopher John Searle reveals the fundamental nature of social reality. What kinds of things are money, property, governments, nations, marriages, cocktail parties, and football games? Searle explains the key role played by language in the creation, constitution, and maintenance of social reality. We make statements about social facts that are completely objective, for example: Barack Obama is President of the United States, the piece of paper in my hand is a twenty-dollar bill, I got married in London, etc. (...) And yet these facts only exist because we think they exist. How is it possible that we can have factual objective knowledge of a reality that is created by subjective opinions? This is part of a much larger question: How can we give an account of ourselves, with our peculiar human traits DS mind, reason, freedom, society - in a world that we know independently consists of mindless, meaningless particles? How can we account for our social and mental existence in a realm of brute physical facts? In answering this question, Searle avoids postulating different realms of being, a mental and a physical, or worse yet, a mental, a physical, and a social. There is just one reality: Searle shows how the human reality fits into that one reality. Mind, language, and civilization are natural products of the basic facts of the physical world described by physics, chemistry and biology. Searle explains how language creates and maintains the elaborate structures of human social institutions. These institutions serve to create and distribute power relations that are pervasive and often invisible. These power relations motivate human actions in a way that provides the glue that holds human civilization together. Searle shows how this account illuminates human rationality, free will, political power, and human rights. Our social world is a world created and maintained by language. (shrink)

Locke is the first English philosopher to be considered in this series, and that fact of itself is worthy of attention. Philosophy, of course, like science, knows no frontiers and no national boundaries. Yet it is true to say that Locke’s contribution to philosophy is typically and peculiarly English. His moderation, his emphasis upon experience, his tolerant spirit of compromise, his dislike of mystical extravagance and of metaphysical speculation, even that elusive quality of his which people call his “common sense”, (...) are English traits. His very defects, illogicality leading to inconsistency and an awkward disorderliness of thought so abhorrent to the. (shrink)

R. G. Swinburne; XIII*—Personal Identity, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 74, Issue 1, 1 June 1974, Pages 231–247, https://doi.org/10.1093/arist.

Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor from 161 to 180 A.D., is renowned for his just rule and long frontier wars. But his lasting fame rests on his Meditations, a bedside book of reflections and self-admonitions written during his last years, that provide unique insights into the mind of an ancient ruler and contain many passages of pungent epigram and poetic imagery. This study is designed to make the Meditations more accessible to the modern reader. Rutherford carefully explains the historical and philosophical (...) background, charts the main themes and tendencies of Marcus's thought, and relates stylistic detail to the intellectual and moral outlook of the author. His goal is to define Marcus's aims, attitudes, and styles more precisely and restore his work to the position it held in the past, that of a spiritual classic which can be read and enjoyed by people who are not professional scholars. (shrink)