Un pequeño grupo de vasos apulios de la segunda mitad del siglo IV a.C. representan el descenso de Orfeo a los Infiernos, su llegada ante el palacio de Hades y Perséfone, donde logró con su canto conmover a los dioses infernales. El programa iconográfico de estos vasos, pleno de relatos míticos y de enseñanzas religiosas destinadas a proporcionar consuelo y esperanza de vida más allá de la muerte, nos permite conocer el imaginario del reino subterráneo y a esta figura religiosa (...) que intercede ante los dioses del inframundo para obtener de ellos la salvación de los mortales, su ingreso en un allende beatífico y paradisíaco. (shrink)

The potential to collect brain data more directly, with higher resolution, and in greater amounts has heightened worries about mental and brain privacy. In order to manage the risks to individuals posed by these privacy challenges, some have suggested codifying new privacy rights, including a right to “mental privacy.” In this paper, we consider these arguments and conclude that while neurotechnologies do raise significant privacy concerns, such concerns are—at least for now—no different from those raised by other well-understood data collection (...) technologies, such as gene sequencing tools and online surveillance. To better understand the privacy stakes of brain data, we suggest the use of a conceptual framework from information ethics, Helen Nissenbaum’s “contextual integrity” theory. To illustrate the importance of context, we examine neurotechnologies and the information flows they produce in three familiar contexts—healthcare and medical research, criminal justice, and consumer marketing. We argue that by emphasizing what is distinct about brain privacy issues, rather than what they share with other data privacy concerns, risks weakening broader efforts to enact more robust privacy law and policy. (shrink)

The study presented is the result of a field survey conducted in Latvia in 1991. The brief of this research was to trace the role of the ‘private’ farm sector that has begun to emerge in the wake of the transition from a central-command to a market-oriented economy. Thus a look at the legislative acts embodying the agrarian reform is ccompanied by an analysis of the recent developments in local production systems. The study of ‘production systems’, or that part of (...) economic analysis that comes under the rubric of ‘farm systems’, was employed here for the first time to analyze a Soviet-type economic system in transition. The first and second sections, which focus on the historical evolution of Latvia's agriculture and the economics underpinning it, range in compass from the ‘first’ agrarian reform to collectivization and on to the present situation. This is followed by a look at the current, or ‘third’, land reform initiative (section 3), particular emphasis being accorded the emergence of new production structures and the problems posed by the transformation of the old ones (sections 4 and 5). The next section includes a discussion of the links between the farms of the socialized sector and of the nascent private one (section 6). The concluding remarks provide a recapitulation of the study's main findings. (shrink)

This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on normative cognition by providing a lineage explanation of human social norm psychology. This approach builds upon theories of goal-directed behavioral control in the reinforcement learning and control literature, arguing that this form of control defines an important class of intentional normative mental states that are instrumental in nature. I defend the view that great ape capacities for instrumental reasoning and our capacity (or family of capacities) for shared intentionality coadapted to (...) each other and argue that the evolution of this capacity has allowed the representation of social norms and the emergence of our capacity for normative guidance. (shrink)

Theoretical reflections on anthropological method, arguing that it is, above all, result of a tacit pact among members of "scientific" tribe on object of and approach to study. Refers to unconventional sources such as Peirce, Wittgenstein, Winnicott and Ricoeur to argue that there is room for alternative epistemology of anthropology.

The paper considers how the logic of settler colonialism, the active and ongoing dispossession of Indigenous peoples, shapes scholarship on migration, race and citizenship in Canada. It draws on the insights of settler colonial theory and critiques of methodological nationalism to do so. The concept of differential inclusion and assemblages methodology are proposed as a way to understand the relationship between Indigeneity and migration in a settler colonial context. The paper develops this conceptual proposal through an analysis of a single (...) place over time: Scarborough, Ontario. Authors present portraits of Scarborough, Ontario, Canada to understand how migration and Indigenous sovereignty are narrated and regulated in convergent and divergent ways. Together, the portraits examine historical stories, media discourses, photography and map archives, fieldwork and interviews connected to Scarborough. They reveal how the differential inclusion of migrant, racialized and Indigenous peoples operates through processes of invisibilization and hypervisibilization, fixity and erasure, and memorialization. They also illustrate moments of disruption that work to unsettle settler colonial dispossession. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar los intercambios discursivos mediatizados entre dos figuras públicas, Ana Rosenfeld y Florencia Freijo, en programas de espectáculos y en redes sociales en torno a un juicio familiar de celebridades en Argentina en 2022. A partir del análisis, identificamos la presencia de demandas feministas históricas en las tematizaciones de las interlocutoras sobre el proceso legal. El metalenguaje que empleamos en este trabajo retoma los aportes de la sociosemiótica y los estudios de la cultura de (...) la celebridad. La estrategia metodológica que implementamos recupera la propuesta de Carlón (2020) para indagar la circulación discursiva. Utilizamos también sus desarrollos sobre el estatuto de les enunciadores relacionando este enfoque con la noción de celebridad. A través de esta articulación, planteamos el concepto de identidad mediática para reforzar la repercusión de estas voceras. Además, caracterizamos las interlocuciones presentes en los discursos según las posiciones enunciativas de Verón (1987). Considerando los soportes desde donde se consolidan estas personalidades públicas, y analizando la circulación de sus enunciaciones, podemos identificar las diferencias en sus discursos. De esta manera, vemos cómo se genera un diálogo indirecto entre ellas en el que la abogada de una de las partes, Ana Rosenfeld, adopta una postura informativa y pedagógica hacia “las mujeres”, mientras que la activista feminista, Florencia Freijo, realiza un llamado a la acción a sus prodestinataries. (shrink)

Desde que 1975 fue declarado por las Naciones Unidas Año Internacional de las Mujeres, han sido numerosas las medidas legales y políticas para asegurar la participación de las mujeres en todos los ámbitos de acción de la sociedad. Sin embargo, los logros no se sitúan solamente en un incremento cuantitativo de mujeres en sectores como el laboral o los procesos de toma de decisiones. La integración de la igualdad de género en la estructuración de la sociedad abre interrogantes sobre la (...) nueva lectura del poder, de la ciudadanía y de las relaciones personales. Y al mismo tiempo, cuestiona si las medidas de apoyo a la participación de las mujeres están teniendo o no un efecto positivo en favor de la igualdad. (shrink)

This thesis focuses on the evolution of human social norm psychology. More precisely, I want to show how the emergence of our distinctive capacity to follow social norms and make social normative judgments is connected to the lineage explanation of our capacity to form shared intentions, and how such capacity is related to a diverse cluster of prototypical moral judgments. I argue that in explaining the evolution of this form of normative cognition we also require an understanding of the developmental (...) trajectory of this capacity. For this purpose, the thesis is organized as follow. In the first chapter, I make some methodological remarks and provide the general overview and plan for the dissertation. In the second chapter, I explain what my explanatory target is and why it matters. On the view I am defending, shared intentional psychology gives rise to a special form of psychology that enables us to engage in social normative thinking. These norms are represented as shared intentional states. Moral psychology, in contrast, is more diverse. For moral judgments define a quite heterogeneous class of mental states—although some moral judgments may involve the representation and execution of norms, certainly not all of them do. I show that although much of our distinctive social norm psychology can be explained within the framework of shared intentionality, moral judgments cannot be unified in the same way. In the third chapter, I provide the baseline of social-cognitive capacities that serve as starting point for my lineage explanation. I argue that hominin social cognition was for a very long period of our evolutionary history essentially a matter of low-level cognitive and motivational processes. On this picture, bottom-up affective processes regulated the social lives of early hominins without requiring any special top-down mechanism of normative thinking such as a capacity for understanding and representing social norms. In the fourth chapter, I argue that human-like social norm psychology evolved as a result of the selective pressures that gave rise to shared intentionality, especially the demands that came from collective hunting. Yet collective hunting was not the whole story of the evolution of shared intentionality, for our capacity to form shared intentional mental states emerged from the interplay between the selective pressures that led to cooperative breeding in humans as well as organized, goal-oriented, collective hunting. Thus, I propose an evo-devo account of shared intentionality and its normative dimension since I argue that explaining the evolution of this particular form of normative thinking crucially depends on information about the developmental trajectory of this capacity. Finally, in the fifth chapter, I focus on how social norms are acquired and how the way we learn them gives rise to some prototypical cluster of moral judgments. Thus, this chapter returns to some of themes and arguments of the first chapter by explaining how the distinction between moral judgments and nonmoral judgments can be culturally transmitted. (shrink)

Peer competition and peer cooperation can be intuitively seen as opposing phenomena. However, depending on multiple factors, they might be complementary. In a population divided into groups, for instance, members of each group may cooperate with their peers in order to compete with neighboring groups. Alternatively, they may compete with their peers as a means of choosing the best cooperative partners and demonstrate that they are reliable cooperative partners. For instance, if subjects can choose with whom they wish to interact, (...) this may create competition to be more generous or loyal than others. (shrink)

Despite journalism’s commitment to ethical principles such as accuracy, humanity and diversity, compliance with the gender perspective in content is still minimal in approximately one hundred countries. This inequality reinforces misperceptions, imbalances, and perceived differences between men and women. To address this situation, from 2010 to 2021, eight Spanish media companies appointed a new editorial position responsible for self-regulating gender equality. This qualitative study focused on 10 journalists who currently exercise or have exercised that job, to detect, describe and propose (...) the implementation of this new professional role. This study suggests that gender editing has advanced equality in parity of sourcing and the presence of women in the opinion sections, but implementation of equality in overall content is more difficult. Gender editors’ daily work is hampered by a lack of management support and an absence of independence in editorial decisions. (shrink)

Resumen El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es analizar la atenuación en los actos asertivos en entrevistas sociolingüísticas a fin de entender cómo se construye la imagen de afiliación en la cultura mexicana. En este trabajo la imagen de afiliación se define como el deseo de ser aceptado por un grupo. Nos interesa determinar si la realización de estos actos asertivos son amenazas eventuales a la imagen social de los informantes y si tienen una función atenuadora. El corpus que se (...) analizó consistió en segmentos seleccionados de 12 entrevistas, 6 de hombres y 6 de mujeres, del corpus oral “El habla de Monterrey–PRESEEA” correspondientes a informantes entre 35 y 54 años que concluyeron sus estudios de licenciatura. El análisis de este corpus oral muestra aspectos importantes, a saber, nos presenta que existen similitudes y diferencias entre los dos grupos pues tanto hombres como mujeres utilizaron la justificación para atenuar su punto de vista. En cuanto a diferencias, las mujeres emplearon más estrategias de atenuación que los hombres. Por otra parte, el análisis de los datos sugiere que la atenuación, como categoría pragmática, contribuye a caracterizar la imagen de afiliación de nuestros informantes. (shrink)

Discussions about the evolution of human social cognition usually portray the social environment of early hominins as highly hierarchical and violent. In this evolutionary narrative, our propensity for violence was overcome in our lineage by an increase in our intellectual capacities. However, I will argue in this article that we are at least equally justified in believing that our early hominin ancestors were less aggressive and hierarchical than is suggested in these models. This view is consistent with the available comparative (...) and palaeoanthropological evidence. I will show that this alternative model not only does not support long-held views of human origins, but also has important consequences for debates about the evolution of our capacity for normative guidance. 1Introduction 2Philosophical Motivation 3The Puzzle of Hominin Evolution 4The Mosaic Hypothesis 5Evidence for the Model 6Palaeoanthropological Support 7Philosophical Consequences. (shrink)

Discussions about the evolution of human social cognition usually portray the social environment of early hominins as highly hierarchical and violent. In this evolutionary narrative, our propensity for violence was overcome in our lineage by an increase in our intellectual capacities. However, I will argue in this article that we are at least equally justified in believing that our early hominin ancestors were less aggressive and hierarchical than is suggested in these models. This view is consistent with the available comparative (...) and palaeoanthropological evidence. I will show that this alternative model not only does not support long-held views of human origins, but also has important consequences for debates about the evolution of our capacity for normative guidance. _1_ Introduction _2_ Philosophical Motivation _3_ The Puzzle of Hominin Evolution _4_ The Mosaic Hypothesis _5_ Evidence for the Model _6_ Palaeoanthropological Support _7_ Philosophical Consequences. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:On Franco-Ferraz, Theism and the Theatre of the Mind MiguelA. Badia-Cabrera In "Theatre andReligiousHypothesis,"1 MariaFranco-Ferraz offersan eloquent and reasoned argument in favour ofa fresh and different sort of hermeneutic approach to the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion as a suitable means to disentangle the web of proverbially difficult philosophical questions posed by Hume in that work. In order to arrive at a coherent understanding ofthe Dialogues as a whole (...) and perhaps also to calm the sense of bafflement which the confrontation with this enigmatical text always provokes, many Hume scholars have taken as a point of departure and clue for unravelling it either one or two of Hume's principal philosophical doctrines or a presumedly unitary view of Hume's philosophy in general. Equipped with one or both of these instruments, they proceed to dissect the arguments of the Dialogues with the intention of determining what Hume's position really is. This task also almost invariably ends by assigning the victory in the dialectical struggle and the representation of the author's 'true' opinions to the character (sometimes even more than one) in whom they are more or less able to find the purest expression ofwhat theyhave previously decided is the kernel oressence ofHume's philosophy. Franco-Ferraz has taken a very different route. For her the key point of the Dialogues lies in the fictional setting in which the theological discussion takes place. She goes on to show that the literary form of the Dialogues is intrinsically connected with its philosophical content so as to serve to elucidate the precise nature ofthe conclusion which is established at the end, in Part XII. In other words, the theatrical structure facilitates a more profound and detailed investigation ofthe problems dealing with the existence and nature of God. In fact, Hume offers no final solutions to these problems and thereby none ofthe characters ofthe Dialogues can properly be said to present the victorious point of view or the one counting with the complete authority ofthe author ofthe play: The most important aspect of this text is the interaction between the different characters' points of view, which, by being in confrontation with each other, undergo reciprocal transformations. (Franco-Ferraz, 228) Volume XVI Number 2 131 MIGUEL A. BADÍA-CABRERA With this one cannot but agree. In addition she clinches her case by 'ai-trull·/ and convincingly showing that there is a profound relation between this theatrical form and some substantive philosophical theses which Hume developed in the Treatise, the first Enquiry, and The Natural History ofReligion. In reality, the theatre metaphor clarifies the sense ofthose philosophical doctrines, which in turn throw light on and corroborate her main contention about the conclusion of the Dialogues. For according to her, any definitive solution to the problems ofnatural theology is not presented at the end by any ofthe characters on behalfofa God-like author (Dieu auteur), and furthermore this deus ex machina solution would conflict especially with Hume's conception of the mind as being une pièce sans théâtre, a drama without a stage (Franco-Ferraz, 234). Such is the substance ofher thesis, if I have succeeded in giving a fairrepresentationofit. I thinkthatherinterpretation providesa novel outlook and one fruitful means ofaccess to an adequate understanding of the Dialogues. But I am quite hesitant with some particular and important aspects ofher reading of that text for the 'inconveniences', in Philo's sense ofthe word, which seem to follow from it, and alsohave a few difficulties in assessing the exact import of one or two of her central claims due to the somewhat vague manner in which, I think, these are formulated. First, at the verybeginningofher paper, Franco-Ferraz quotes the followingpassagefromPartIIIoftheDialoguesin which Demeaobjects to Cleanthes' claim, defended by two very ingenious analogies, that an orderly world like a coherent, articulate speech will always be taken as a sign ofintelligent design: When I read a volume, I enter into the mind and intention of the author: I become him, in a manner, for the instant; and have an immediate feeling and conception of those ideas, which revolved in his imagination, while employed in that composition. (D 155-56) I take issue with... (shrink)

Con el objetivo de contribuir al diálogo sugerido por Heidegger entre su pensamiento y la obra de Marx, este trabajo pretende poner de manifiesto la confluencia existente entre la interpretación heideggeriana de la modernidad y el análisis llevado a cabo por Marx en El capital del modo de producción capitalista. Para ello se estudia la prevalencia que, desde su perspectiva ontológica, Heidegger otorga a la idea del producir en la época moderna a partir de la transformación del sentido de la (...) poíesis griega y en conexión con la esencia de la técnica, a la vez que se defiende el carácter igualmente ontológico que cabe atribuir a la noción marxiana de mercancía. En atención a la concepción del tiempo uniformizado y homogéneo que subyace a dicha noción, equivalente al establecido en la ciencia moderna, se plantea además la tesis de que la presencia moderna del ente como objeto incondicionalmente producible y calculable descrita por Heidegger coincide con la constitución de las cosas en mercancías como productos del trabajo que revela El capital. (shrink)

The forced labor and the corporal punishment stayed longtime as practices of legal punishment. From ancient Rome to portuguese America, this long duration was associated to labor system of slavery. During the independence process of Brazil, a prison ship gathered these practices, like an old Roman galley.

La referencia a un orden anterior-posterior es parte de la definición del tiempo ofrecida por Aristóteles. De ahí que sea razonable suponer que, además del habi­tual sentido temporal, el par conceptual anterior-pos­terior debe tener también un sentido distinto, del que pueda depender el sentido temporal. Tal idea parece corroborada por la tesis de Aristóteles según la cual el tiempo sigue al movimiento y el movimiento sigue a la magnitud recorrida. De acuerdo a ello, el orden an­terior-posterior del tiempo se originaría (...) en un orden anterior-posterior del movimiento, el cual a su vez se originaría en un orden anterior-posterior de la magni­tud. Este artículo examina con detención aquella tesis, atendiendo especialmente a las dificultades que pre­senta la comprensión de lo anterior y posterior en la magnitud, nivel del que parece depender en última ins­tancia la posibilidad de explicar la existencia de un antes y un después en el tiempo. La interpretación que se propone aquí busca confirmar y hacer comprensible dicha dependencia. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo fundamental explorar la posibilidad de un currículum de la Herstory del Arte, entendiendo por ésta, la visibilidad de las biografías y las contribuciones artísticas de las mujeres. Así pues, por un lado, este estudio aborda cómo deconstruir el currículum oculto, a través de una propuesta de currículum postmoderno que incorpore las her/stories del Arte. Por otro lado, se lleva a cabo un análisis cuantitativo de la presencia o ausencia de las mujeres artistas en el (...) currículum de las materias de Historia del Arte de las diferentes legislaciones españolas hasta desembocar en un estudio basado en el análisis crítico del discurso feminista del currículum de Fundamentos del Arte I y II de bachillerato. (shrink)

Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders, also sometimes referred to as psychosurgery, is rapidly evolving, with new techniques and indications being investigated actively. Many within the field have suggested that some form of guidelines or regulations are needed to help ensure that a promising field develops safely. Multiple countries have enacted specific laws regulating NPD. This article reviews NPD-specific laws drawn from North and South America, Asia and Europe, in order to identify the typical form and contents of these laws and to (...) set the groundwork for the design of an optimal regulation for the field. Key challenges for this design that are revealed by the review are how to define the scope of the law, what types of regulations are required, and how to approach international harmonization given the potential migration of researchers and patients. (shrink)

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs), are quite complex in terms of organizational structure, diversity at the workplace, as well as motivational mechanisms and values rationality. Nevertheless, from an Organizational Psychology perspective, the systematic analysis of this context is scarce in the literature, particularly regarding conflicts. This qualitative study analyzes types, prevalence and consequences of conflicts in a large NPO organization considering as theoretical framework several consolidated Organizational Psychology theories: Conflict Theory, Social Comparison Theory and the Equity Theory. Conflicts were analyzed taking into (...) account volunteers’ perspective, who has been consistently protagonist on NPOs research, but also considering paid staff’s perspective, as one of the main stakeholders in these organizations, whose relative power has increase in the past decade due the professionalization of the NPO’s sector. Results confirmed the existence of four types of conflicts: task, process, status and relationship conflicts. Relationship conflict is the least reported type, revealing the protection factor that values and engagement with a social aim have on this organizational context. The most relevant finding is the strong difference between paid staff and volunteers in conflict perceptions, showing paid staff, overall, higher levels of conflicts than volunteers. Findings also show stronger negative consequences for paid staff compared to volunteers. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

A partir de los manuscritos tardíos de Husserl sobre ética, donde la dimensión afec- tiva de la experiencia del deber es reconocida con un estatus ético pleno, se busca analizar la concepción husserliana del amor como fuente de normatividad ética. Se aborda el amor ético y su distinción frente a las formas naturales e instintivas en las que arraiga, y se examina el tratamiento del mandato ético de amor al prójimo, con énfasis en lo relativo a su extensión universal.

Jorgensen’s dilemma has been analysed from various theoretical angles. However, it is not the aim of this essay to “theorize” but to “experiment” on the above mentioned dilemma; particularly to carry out attempts of deontic reproduction of a logical paradox substituting the value “truth” for the value “validity”. The relevance of the obtained results will be appraised from the point of view of Conte’s paradigm“syntactic validity” vs. “dianoetic validity”.

There are many ways of interpreting the so-called new technologies. One of the most interesting is that which stems from defining them as a social imaginary, and therefore, as collective beliefs, fears and hopes. It is common to attribute to technologies all manner of threats that, founded or not, are real in the measure that the society makes decisions and acts in a way consistent with this conviction.The fears and anxieties of society lead to a consideration of the limits of (...) the human that technologies transgress. Among the figures with which one speaks about these limits there is Frankenstein, the modern Prometheus, which threatens modern fantasies with its deformity. There is, however, another man-made creature that can serve to orient our reflection, the Golem.In 1609, 400 years ago, Rabbi Loew died. He is credited with the creation of a homunculus by combining of secret codes. The problem of the Golem was its imperfect soul made manifest in its lack of speech. Its silent presence was a source of great fear in the community that finally asked to get rid of the creature.These figures of monstrosity, Frankenstein and above all Golem, will help us to make technologies understand from the fear that society projects onto them, and this will lead us to the question concerning the imaginary fears of the technological system. (shrink)

El presente trabajo trata de presentar unas claves antropológicas, que fundamenten el pensamiento social y moral. En este trabajo, se propone desde la fecunda aportación y dialogo de Unamuno con corrientes de filosofía o pensamiento significativos. Como son, por ejemplo, el personalismo y el pensamiento latinoamericano. Lo cual posibilita un desarrollo social y humano, solidario e integral, un pensamiento social con carácter crítico, ético y liberador. Trataremos de mostrar pues como en Unamuno hay una afinidad o sintonía con claves y (...) aspectos muy valiosos del personalismo o el pensamiento latinoamericano. En temáticas como son la antropología, ética o pensamiento social. (shrink)

Dominic McIver Lopes’ Four Arts of Photography and Diarmuid Costello’s On Photography: A Philosophical Inquiry examine the state of the art in analytic philosophy of photography and present a new approach to the study of the medium. As opposed to the orthodox and prevalent view, which emphasizes its epistemic capacities, the new theory reconsiders the nature of photography, and redirects focus towards the aesthetic potential of the medium. This symposium comprises two papers that critically examine central questions addressed in the (...) two books, with responses by the two authors in defence of their respective positions. (shrink)