Research has shown that experiences of discrimination cause harm to the health and well-being of people. In terms of the identity of members of a group, a positive evaluation of that group might involve devaluing the out-group as a way of raising the endo-group, causing discrimination toward the out-group. In the Chilean context, the Mapuche people have historically suffered discrimination and violations of their rights. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between Collective Identity, perceived experiences of (...) discrimination, psychological well-being and distress in the inhabitants of the Mapuche conflict zone according to their sense of belonging to their ethnic group. This descriptive, correlative, and cross-sectional study involved 200 participants, including 94 men, and 106 women, between the ages of 18 and 83 years old, who had lived for at least 1 year in communities in the Araucanía Region. The sample was stratified according their sense of ethnic identity, including 30% Mapuche, 33.5% Caucasian, and 36.5% Mestizo. The results show that participants with a sense of Mapuche ethnicity experienced more instances of discrimination, had a greater sense of collective identity, and that they also supported the Mapuche social movement and its methods. Based on evidence that well-being is directly related to collective identity, the study undertook a regression analysis of emotional distress and the psychological well-being of participants. The interaction between experiences of discrimination and collective identity has a significant influence. Collective identity and experiences of discrimination in themselves as well as the interaction between them, predict psychological well-being. The results suggest that the importance of the Mapuche group’s identity phenomena are related to a broad socio-historical context that leads them to identify themselves as a collective in conditions of inequality. This relationship between well-being and collective identity could be explained by their sense of cultural belonging, which can be a factor in protecting mental health. (shrink)

This article studies the origin and continuity of the identity of the entities inscribed in a distributed ledger. Specifically, it focuses on the differences between the identities of the entities that exist in a distributed ledger and those of the entities that exist outside the ledger but must be represented in the ledger in order to interact with it. It suggests that a distributed ledger that contains representations of entities that exist outside the ledger can yield a continuum of interconnected (...) existing and past identities that is constantly redefined to represent new conceptual entities. This continuum can be understood as a metasortal—or a sortal of sortals—that resembles the mathematical structure of a set of sets. Further, the article presents the dilemma that arises when representing the identities of entities in a distributed ledger, and it draws an analogy between this dilemma and Russell's Paradox. (shrink)

Trataremos los diseños más icónicos “hechos en España” durante la década del boom de los años ochenta. Son numerosas las publicaciones que se hacen eco de ellos, no obstante, nuestra aportación radica en ponerlos en relación con el diseño internacional de esa misma década tomando como referencia los diseños premiados en los Premios Delta del diseño español y la colección del MoMA (disponible online), puesto que es un referente en cuanto a que fue uno de los primeros museos de arte (...) contemporáneo que musealizó objetos de diseño y valoró su componente estético, su funcionalidad y su innovación tecnológica. (shrink)

El objetivo del estudio es analizar las prácticas de lectura inclusivas en niñas, niños y adolescentes mapuches con el fin de recrear la novela cervantina, desde la cosmovisión de este pueblo. La investigación se efectuó en dos escuelas interculturales con estudiantes de Educación Básica. En su ejecución se implementó un cuadernillo de trabajo con fragmentos del Quijote editado por Santos Tornero y fichas sobre la cultura mapuche que fueron desarrolladas por los participantes. Los resultados muestran la recreación de la obra (...) desde una perspectiva sincrética, donde el componente intercultural cobra relevancia y se relevan valores universales que trascienden épocas y culturas. (shrink)

The author outlines a spiritually oriented model of cosmic education inspired by Advaita Vedanta philosophy. The description of the general principles of this Nondual Vedantic Cosmic Education (NVCE) will be preceded by a brief review of the writings of two Indian authors, Vivekananda and Aurobindo, who led the revitalisation of nondual vedantic philosophy. In order to utilize the nondual vedantic spiritual wisdom as a curriculum substrate for teaching/learning processes in classrooms, the NVCE model uses some core ideas from Ken Wilber’s (...) Integral Theory, which can serve as an interface theory between nondual vedantic philosophy and this new conception of cosmic education. NVCE will be organized around three main curriculum realms: a) “Purifying the mind”, b) “Controlling the Mind” and c) “Expanding the Mind”. These three curriculum realms are shown to respectively correspond with three processes in Wilber’s Integral Theory, such as a) Show Up, b) Wake Up and c) Grow Up), and also with the four classical yogas mentioned in the wisdom traditions of Hinduism: a) Bakhti Yoga and Karma Yoga, b) Raja Yoga and c) Jnana Yoga. The author holds that this world has no future unless spirituality becomes the substrate of educational processes. In NVCE, which is a proposal to raise the educational building from spiritual pillars, to educate is to guide others and ourselves on the path that leads to the nondual experience. From the nondual vedantic perspective, cosmic education is the path through which human beings progressively dissolve their limited individualities into the nature of God. (shrink)

The complex organization of syntax in hierarchical structures is one of the core design features of human language. Duality of patterning refers, for instance, to the organization of the meaningful elements in a language at two distinct levels: a combinatorial level, where meaningless forms are combined into meaningful forms; and a compositional level, where meaningful forms are composed into larger lexical units. The question remains wide open regarding how such structures could have emerged. The aim of this paper is to (...) address these two aspects in a self-consistent way. First, we introduce suitable measures to quantify the level of combinatoriality and compositionality in a language, and we present a framework to estimate these observables in human natural languages. Second, we show that a recently introduced multi-agent modeling scheme, namely the Blending Game, provides a mathematical framework to address the problem of how a population of individuals can bootstrap combinatoriality and compositionality. Theoretical predictions based on this model turn out to be in good agreement with empirical data. It is remarkable that the two sides of duality of patterning emerge simultaneously as a consequence of a pure cultural dynamics in a simulated environment that contains meaningful relations, provided a simple constraint on message transmission fidelity is also considered. (shrink)

Il saggio mette a confronto tre fra le traduzioni più importanti della Commedia curate da poeti americani negli anni 2000, prendendo in analisi le loro strategie e tecniche traduttive e i conseguenti risultati estetici. La base del confronto sono le intenzioni traduttive dichiarate dai poeti-traduttori, il modo in cui hanno cercato di porle in pratica, e l’interpretazione dei loro risultati alla luce della teoria dei translation studies recente. Le idee di Lawrence Venuti sulle «versioni dei poeti» e su come leggere (...) una traduzione, specialmente in un contesto di world literature, sono risultate particolarmente utili nel caso dei tentativi di questi poeti-traduttori di riscrivere un testo poetico autonomo, e di trasportare la complessità della poesia di Dante, potentemente padroneggiata, attraverso due tradizioni letterarie diverse. (shrink)

This article aims to revisit the second essay of Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals, in order to show some aesthetic-theoretical assumptions present in his genealogical investigation on memory and suffering. Central to the purposes of this analysis is Homer’s role, more precisely, the artistic strategies and procedures of his poetics.

Resumen A través del estudio de los linchamientos, el artículo explora en la capacidad explicativa de algunas de las principales teorías sociológicas sobre integración, dominación e interdependencia para comprender la acción, sin que ello implique interpretaciones totales y recíprocamente excluyentes sobre esas acciones. Por el contrario, se trata de buscar distintas entradas parciales, fragmentos de lo que no son y/o de lo que parcialmente son los linchamientos. El texto observa que la disruptividad de estas acciones respecto de las teorías examinadas (...) podría explicarse en tanto en ellas conciencia y práctica fueron pensadas como oposiciones binarias, que en el mejor de los casos operarían en momentos sucesivos. En estas teorías sociológicas la acción podría explicarse por uno de estos planos o por el otro. Sin embargo, en el caso de los linchamientos es posible que estos dos estratos concurran a explicar la acción de manera conjunta.The article explores in the explanatory capacity of some of the main sociological theories on integration, domination and interdependence, to understand the action, specifically lynching, without implying total and reciprocally exclusive interpretations of these actions. On the contrary, it tries to look for different partial entries to its explanation, fragments of what lynching are not and/or what they partially are. The text notes that the disruption of these actions in relation with the theories examined could be explained considering that in them, consciousness and practice were developed as binary oppositions. This would at best operate in successive moments, but in these cases the action could be explained by either one of these levels. In the lynching case, it is possible that these two strata explain the action jointly. (shrink)

A partir de los años 90 la industria del salmón despega poniendo a Chile en el segundo lugar de exportación mundial. La instalación de las salmoneras en la isla de Chiloé ha desatado procesos de transformación económica, social y cultural importantes entre los que destaca el incremento de la participación femenina en el trabajo. El 2008 se produce la crisis de la industria salmonera por la presencia del virus ISA, lo que ha implicado cesantía y quiebre de empresas pequeñas. En (...) este artículo analizaremos como en la comuna de Quellón el auge y la crisis de la industria salmonera han puesto en juego elementos donde tradición y modernidad se expresan en las identidades de trabajadores /as de la industria salmonera que en 20 años han sido protagonistas de cambios profundos a nivel personal y colectivo. (shrink)

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare and epidemiology undoubtedly has many benefits for the population. However, due to its environmental impact, the use of AI can produce social inequalities and long-term environmental damages that may not be thoroughly contemplated. In this paper, we propose to consider the impacts of AI applications in medical care from the One Health paradigm and long-term global health. From health and environmental justice, rather than settling for a short and fleeting green honeymoon between (...) health and sustainability caused by AI, it should aim for a lasting marriage. To this end, we conclude by proposing that, in the upcoming years, it could be valuable and necessary to promote more interconnected health, call for environmental cost transparency, and increase green responsibility. (shrink)

Given the pervasiveness of AI systems and their potential negative effects on people’s lives (especially among already marginalised groups), it becomes imperative to comprehend what goes on when an AI system generates a result, and based on what reasons, it is achieved. There are consistent technical efforts for making systems more “explainable” by reducing their opaqueness and increasing their interpretability and explainability. In this paper, we explore an alternative non-technical approach towards explainability that complement existing ones. Leaving aside technical, statistical, (...) or data-related issues, we focus on the very conceptual underpinnings of the design decisions made by developers and other stakeholders during the lifecycle of a machine learning project. For instance, the design and development of an app to track snoring to detect possible health risks presuppose some picture or another of “health”, which is a key notion that conceptually underpins the project. We take it as a premise that these key concepts are necessarily present during design and development, albeit perhaps tacitly. We argue that by providing “justificatory explanations” about how the team understands the relevant key concepts behind its design decisions, interested parties could gain valuable insights and make better sense of the workings and outcomes of systems. Using the concept of “health”, we illustrate how a particular understanding of it might influence decisions during the design and development stages of a machine learning project, and how making this explicit by incorporating it into ex-post explanations might increase the explanatory and justificatory power of these explanations. We posit that a greater conceptual awareness of the key concepts that underpin design and development decisions may be beneficial to any attempt to develop explainability methods. We recommend that “justificatory explanations” are provided as technical documentation. These are declarative statements that contain at its simplest: (1) a high-level account of the understanding of the relevant key concepts a team possess related to a project’s main domain, (2) how these understandings drive decision-making during the life-cycle stages, and (3) it gives reasons (which could be implicit in the account) that the person or persons doing the explanation consider to have plausible justificatory power for the decisions that were made during the project. (shrink)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) developments are proliferating at an astonishing rate. Unsurprisingly, the number of meaningful studies addressing the social impacts of AI applications in several fields has been remarkable. More recently, several contributions have started exploring the ecological impacts of AI. Machine learning systems do not have a neutral environmental cost, so it is important to unravel the ecological footprint of these techno-scientific developments. In this chapter, we discuss the sustainability of AI from environmental ethics approaches. We examine the moral (...) trade-offs that AI may cause in different moral dimensions and analyse prominent conflicts that may arise from human and more-than-human-centred concerns. (shrink)

It would seem that the difficulty in attempting to bring together ideas based on centuries-old academic disciplines with the more modern ones, which originate directly from business schools and the world of finance and economy, could explain why few, if any, real attempts have been made, over the last decade or so, to discover possible parallelisms between management and philosophy. However, through the thorough study of certain subjects, and the “history of ideas”, such parallelisms, and the so-called “masked philosophy” which (...) seems to undoubtedly inspire managerial conduct, can be found. In order to help us undertake and to better comprehend this “journey of discovery”, various schools of thought, stemming from ancient to more recent times are fundamental. References to the dissimulation philosophical paradigms of leadership, the Jesuitical schools of philosophical thinking of the Sixteenth century, the pioneer contributions of Leo Strauss, which are particularly illuminating with regards to the relation of the mutability of managerial conduct and the more recent and epoch-makingconsiderations of Richard Popkin, to quote but a few, are all crucial for the discovery and identification of these parallelisms, here particularly studied between dissimulation and business ethics. (shrink)

Solidarity within bioethics is increasingly being recognized as an important means of improving health for all. Its contribution seems particularly relevant when there are injustices or inequalities in health and different individuals or groups are disadvantaged. But the current context of ecological collapse, characterized mainly by a loss of biodiversity and ecosystem decline, affects global health in a different way to other factors. This scenario creates new challenges, risks and problems that require new insights from a bioethical perspective. I, therefore, (...) propose an argument in favor of ecological solidarity. The aim of this article is to re-define this concept, outlining which causes should incite action through ecological solidarity and who should be the main recipient of it. To this end, I discuss what the background for practicing ecological solidarity might be: an intrinsically altruistic motivation to attempt to be a better person or a forced response to a political obligation. Finally, by way of example, I argue for rewilding as an effective, practical strategy through which ecological solidarity can be applied in the belief that building ecological solidarity supports a number of key interdependencies and ensures ethical care for the health of the planet. (shrink)

The world’s elderly population is growing, and in Chile they represent 16.2% of the total population. In Chile, old age is marked by retirement, with a dramatic decrease in income that brings precariousness. Older adults are economically, socially, and psychologically vulnerable populations. This condition increases their likelihood of disengaging from their usual social environment, facilitating their isolation, sadness, and discomfort. From the perspective of social identity, well-being can be explained by two principles: social groups’ importance for health and people’s psychological (...) identification with those groups. This study analyzes the relationships between belonging to the neighborhood and extra-neighborhood groups and neighborhood social identification with WB. Urban or rural location and gender are measured, and the sample is 1,475 older Chilean adults of both sexes. The results show that the majority are not members of social groups, and the remaining 48% are members of one or two groups or organizations. Only 4.47% belong to three groups or organizations. Those who belong to groups obtain higher scores, emotional–mental WB, and positive emotions than older adults who do not belong to any organization. Urban and rural older adults have the same level of WB. Membership in close social organizations or distant ones causes different WB associations. Membership in neighborhood councils reduces gender differences in self-assessment of health. This result supports the idea that participation in heterogeneous groups with a shared sense of belonging to the neighborhood is associated with higher WB and lower perceived loneliness. Social identification with the neighborhood, rather than belonging to the group, had the most widespread impact on WB and health indicators. The variable social identification with the neighborhood was consistently associated with indicators of hedonic WB. (shrink)

Trobar la forma d’expressar quelcom per al qual no hi ha paraules fou un dels reptes que assumí Levi quan volgué explicar la cruel deshumanització que va sofrir com a presoner al Lager. Nogensmenys, hi va trobar la solució mitjançant el concepte d’animal. En aquest sentit, el seu testimoni és ple de metàfores faunístiques que representen el patiment de la seua reducció cap al fons i la crueltat de ser tractat com una bèstia a la qual podien assassinar i que (...) patia com un esclau castigat. Levi confirma amb les seues analogies que la deshumanització és una metamorfosi animal. Tanmateix, la tesi d’aquest assaig és que la deshumanització no és convertir-se en una bèstia, sinó transformar-se en allò que nosaltres hem fet dels animals. Una proposició que afirmem gràcies a l’etologia, que ens evidencia que el comportament real de les feres no equival a estar pres ni a ser humiliat. De fet, creiem que la raó principal per la qual Primo Levi pensava que la deshumanització era animalitzar-se sorgeix arran d’una ideologia antropocèntrica. (shrink)

The responses of 178 Latin dioceses in the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) to the Preparatory Document for the Synod on Synodality were synthesized in fourteen regional reports. From these reports, and a report of lay groups, the USCCB produced the US report, which was synthesized with 111 other national reports into the Working Document for the Continental Stage (DCS). The latter was provided to seven continental assemblies. North American participants discussed the DCS in virtual meetings, and a (...) writing team produced the North American report. The synthesized result of the continental assemblies’ reports was the synod’s 2023 Instrumentum laboris. This article discusses US diocesan participation and the North American response to the DCS as they contributed to the Instrumentum laboris’ statement relative to “the question of women’s inclusion in the diaconate.” It includes a table documenting US diocesan responses to questions of women’s participation in the Church. (shrink)

A well-trod debate at the nexus of cognitive science and linguistics, the so-called past tense debate, has examined how rules and exceptions are individually acquired. However, this debate focuses primarily on individual mechanisms in learning, saying little about how rules and exceptions function from a sociolinguistic perspective. To remedy this, we use agent-based models to examine how rules and exceptions function across populations. We expand on earlier work by considering how repeated interaction and cultural transmission across speakers affects the dynamics (...) of rules and exceptions in language, measuring linguistic outcomes within a social system rather than focusing individual learning outcomes. We consider how population turnover and growth effect linguistic rule dynamics in large and small populations, showing that this method has considerable potential particularly in probing the mechanisms underlying the linguistic niche hypothesis. (shrink)

Como puede leerse en los Nouveaux essais, Leibniz se proclamaba a sí mismo como seguidor de Platón. Pensaba que, para poder apreciar la vigencia de los resultados a los que llegó Platón, la reminiscencia platónica debía interpretarse dejando aparte la teoría platónica de la preexistencia del alma. En este ensayo, se analizan los tres diálogos platónicos que tratan el tema de la reminiscencia, tomando como puntos de apoyo el innatismo leibniziano y la crítica leibniziana del innatismo platónico, con el fin (...) de extraer los resultados vigentes de la teoría innatista de Platón. Se exploran los mitos sobre la reminiscencia de Platón, la relación entre el conocimiento matemático y el innatismo, así como el papel que guardan los sentidos en la apercepción del conocimiento innato. (shrink)

Online Public Shaming is a form of norm enforcement that involves collectively imposing reputational costs on a person for having a certain kind of moral character. OPS actions aim to disqualify her from public discussion and certain normal human relations. We argue that this constitutes an informal collective punishment that it is presumptively wrong to impose on others. OPS functions as a form of ostracism that fails to show equal basic respect to its targets. Additionally, in seeking to mobilise unconstrained (...) collective power with potentially serious punitive consequences, OPS is incompatible with due process values. (shrink)

La creatividad y la paz están íntimamente relacionadas, incluso en su dimensión histórica. El cambio de concepción de la paz observado por Galtung lleva a una comparación con la evolución de la noción de creatividad. Además de las mencionadas similitudes, ambos conceptos están en concomitancia en tanto en cuanto la creatividad es necesaria como herramienta para la transformación de conflictos de forma pacífica. El nexo que se propone para unir ambos conceptos es la educación, encardinada dentro de un constructo que (...) llamamos triángulo abstractivo. (shrink)

The language game approach has recently been adopted to explore the conventionalization of linguistic knowledge in a social environment. Most contemporary studies focus on the dynamics of language games in random or predefined social networks, but neglect the reverse roles of communicative constraints in language evolution and social structures. This article, based on two forms of language games , examines whether a simple, distance-based communicative constraint can affect the conventionalization of linguistic knowledge. The study bridges the gap between random networks (...) and complex social structures, and illustrates that the internal properties of language games can influence the effects of communicative constraints and social structures. (shrink)

Conservation biology has embraced the development and application of artificial intelligence to optimize its work. The efficiency with which machine learning processes data helps to identify wild species, repair anthropogenic impacts, and intervene in ecosystems, offering supposedly good results for conservation. Thus, artificial intelligence can here be proposed as an ally of environmental justice. However, I will dispute this thesis, arguing that since conservation biology does not start from absolute parameters and environmental justice is not free from moral plurality, then (...) artificial intelligence could reproduce and increase epistemological and ethical biases. La biología de la conservación se ha sumado al uso de la inteligencia artificial para optimizar su trabajo. La eficiencia con que esta procesa los datos ayuda a identificar especies salvajes, reparar los impactos antropogénicos e intervenir en ecosistemas, ofreciendo resultados supuestamente buenos para la conservación. Así, la inteligencia artificial puede proponerse como una aliada de la justicia ambiental. Pero discutiré esta tesis, argumentando que como la biología de la conservación no parte de parámetros absolutos y la justicia ambiental no está exenta de una pluralidad moral, entonces la inteligencia artificial puede reproducir y aumentar los sesgos epistemológicos y éticos. (shrink)

Gómez Franco, Irene (2021)Deudas pendientes: La justicia entre generacionesMadrid: CSIC / Plaza y Valdés Editores, 384 p.ISBN CSIC: 978-84-00-10728-4ISBN Plaza y Valdés: 978-84-17121-32-7.

The context of accelerated climate change, environmental pollution, ecosystems depletion, loss of biodiversity and growing undernutrition has led human societies to a crossroads where food systems require transformation. New agricultural practices are being advocated in order to achieve food security and face environmental challenges. Cultivated meat has recently been considered one of the most desired alternatives by animal rights advocates because it promises to ensure nutrition for all people while dramatically reducing ecological impacts and animal suffering. It is therefore presented (...) as one of the fairest means of food production for the coming decades, according to utilitarian arguments. However, food security, environmental concerns and animal welfarism guided by a short-term utilitarianism could have techno-optimism bias and could result in some forms of oppression such as anthropocentrism. I argue that there are still deep-rooted moral issues in food systems that are not addressed primarily by lab-grown meat, mainly derived from a loss of sovereignty. Food practices developed in high-tech labs with artificial interventionism constrain the ability of living entities (that are used as food) to flourish on their own terms. This paper aims to explore how sovereignty entitlements for humans and nonhumans are often overlooked by advocates of cultivated meat and the moral challenges it may pose. Accordingly, a more than utilitarian approach framed by ecological and republican justice is proposed here to shed light on some pitfalls of food chains based on cellular agriculture. (shrink)

In the present interview, Dr. Cristóbal Cobo comments on the challenges of education in a digital world, where the academic community finds new ways to teach and learn by turning technology into an ally of these processes, all in order to improve educational quality and to encourage the own investigation of the teaching activity.