Virtue and Responsibility in Policy Research and Advice

Springer Verlag (2017)
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Abstract

This book argues that ethical judgment by individual scientific policy advisors is more important than is often acknowledged. While many scientific policy advisors routinely present themselves as neutral or value free scientists, here is demonstrated that the ideal of scientific integrity as neutrality is misguided and that an alternative understanding is demanded. The book provides an overview of the type of social and political value decisions that have to be made in all phases of research and advice. It moves on to examine proposed procedures or guidelines for scientists and critically assesses plans for the democratization of decision making in science and scientific advice. The book offers a reflection on the practice of scientific advice that will appeal to practitioners and scholars of Public Administration, Public Management and Policy Analysis.

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Chapters

Solving the Issue by Introducing Principles and Procedures

A third means of addressing the issues that were noted earlier uses principles and procedures. It uses elements from the utilitarian and deontological traditions to provide guiding principles for scientific advisors. This approach has its values but also must confront two sorts of problems. One sort... see more

Solving the Issue by Bringing in Democracy

A second answer to the problems summarized in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-319-65253-5_6 involves deciding democratically on value issues in science and scientific advice. Such a democratic solution might take many forms and follow different ideals of representation. However, no democratic arrangement will b... see more

Solving the Issue by Distinguishing Types of Problems

A first answer to the issues noted in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-319-65253-5_6 can be found in an approach that is common in the Public Administration and Policy Analysis literature. It maintains that the type of problem must be guiding for addressing the value choices. On closer inspection, this approach ... see more

Addressing Non-Epistemological Issues

From the previous three chapters, it follows that in scientific advice, many decisions must be made for which scientific advisors cannot exclusively rely on epistemological values. For two reasons, this requirement might be a problem. First, it appears to be at odds with democracy; decisions with im... see more

Deciding on the Advisory Role

In the third and last phase of scientific study and advice, decisions must be made on transforming the research findings into a message for policymakers. Such decisions involve selection of material. They also involve choosing between possible frames and communicative and rhetorical instruments. The... see more

Deciding on Tools and Risks

The choices that must be made in the second phase of a scientific study also inevitably involve social values. First, there are the values that urge the scientist to respect the subjects he researches . Second, choices must be made between measuring instruments that are epistemologically equivalent ... see more

Deciding What Is Worth Knowing

In the first phase of a scientific study, a set of choices must be made for which scientific advisors cannot completely rely on epistemological values: doing scientific research, choice of research topic, research question and theories. The choices that are made in this phase of a study have implica... see more

Setting the Stage: Epistemological and Social Values for Scientific Research and Advice

Advocates of neutrality in science and scientific policy advice distinguish between two types of values. Epistemological values, on the one hand, are closely linked to an epistemological ideal of arriving at true statements; they encompass the methods, rules and virtues that lead to well-tested theo... see more

The Ideal of Value Neutrality in Policy Research and Advice: Some Inconvenient Observations

For many scientific policy advisors, as for most critics of contemporary scientific advisory practice, value freedom or political neutrality is the guiding ideal. Max Weber is often presented as the champion of this position. On closer inspection, however, this championship of value freedom becomes ... see more

Conclusion: Scientific Policy Advice and Ethical Judgment

It is concluded that science and scientific policy advice inevitably involve making decisions that involve values—epistemological and non-epistemological values. A virtue ethics that includes the strong elements of the other three solutions might show the best way to address these value issues. This... see more

Solving the Issue by Bringing Virtue Ethics into Play

A fourth approach to addressing the social value issues follows the virtue ethical tradition. Two approaches are presented: one that starts from typical scientific virtues and another that focusses on practical wisdom that is at home in politics. A third approach that builds on MacIntyre’s notion of... see more

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