Abstract

1- One of the most difficult problems for metaphysics is the problem of contingency or pre-etenality of the world. Since, in fact, this problem propounds a theological paradox: on the one hand, since the first origin is the complete cause for the world, and the being of the effect isn't separable from the cause, so the world of being must be, also, pre-eternal. But, on the other hand, the Exalted God is efficient cause, and has brought the world from privation to existence, with His Knowledge and Will, so, the exintence of the world is posterior to, privation'; and it is contingent.2- Theologists select the second choice. They consider the world, temporally contingent. But, philosophers consider the world of being, eternal.Although they say "the possible existents are essentially contingenf'.i.e. because of their essence, they recieve existence from the cause, but at the same time, they have simultaneity with the origin of the world; and they are considered of the same level with it. Primacy of the Exalted Necessity over the world is an intellectual issue, not objective and separable one. And so, the religious scholars have accused them to disbelief and atheism.3- Mir-Damad has stablished the theory of Hoduth Dahri as a solution for this problem.According to this theory, abstract and supra - tenporal beings have been occured in Dahr, i.e. supra-time.In the other words, according to Mir-Damad, abstract and Supra -temporal beings have been created in a conainer of Dahr, i.e. the simple and discontinuous time, that can be taken as supra - time. But, the Exalted God is in Ve, aa-e- Sarmad, and He is eternal. So, primacy of the Exalted God over the world of being is objective and separable, because the possible things haven't been in Sarmad and they are contingent.4- But, it must be noted that this theory can be used only in a philosophical system, bound to essentialism. And so, in Sadra-al-Muteallehin philosophy, which is bound to existantialism, there is no room for this theory. Hence, Sadr-al - Muteallehin has solved this problem by "temporal contingecy", based on the theory of "substantial movement". But, since the substantial movement is flowing only in material and natural things, so he had to consider the intellectual and abstract beings and phenomena as God's necessary attributes, and consider them, together with the essence of the Exalted Good, eternal.