Abstract

This article is, in fact, a glance at the main doctrines of Mulla Sadra, the greatest Iranian Philosopher in the recent centuries; and at the same time, some points in the philosophical systems of some European thinkers such as John Locke, Spinoza, Hegel,Fuerbach, Marx, Heidegger as well as some scientists such as Darwin and Einstein, which are similar to the beliefs of Mulla Sadra, are critically discussed.In Mulla Sadra's philosophical system, there are particular issues, which are in tact characteristic of his Transcendence Theosophy, distinguishing his school from the previous ones. The following issues are briefly compared:1- Ontology and metaphysics: the main core of his doctrines is his doctrine of unity and gradation of existence. Here the existence is considered as a degree among the various degrees in the ladder of existence, which are in an evolutionary and essential relation with each other. The world of being has come to be manifest from the absolute Origin, and all its parts are His manifestations. Nature and God are in an essential as well as substantial relation; His encompassing all things is of because simplicity, and manifestation in all existents.2- Doctrine of trans substantial motion: Mulla Sadra lifted the traditional doctrine of motion, introduced in Metaphysics of Aristotle and Ibn Sina, according to which the motion takes place only in four categories: quantity, quality, attitude and place.According to Mulla Sadra, motion not only takes place in the above categories, but it penetrates in the substances of things and the world of being. According to this doctrine, motion and matter, motion and nature are inseparable.Time also is a quantity for substances; and like the motion, it is among the essential characters of the matter. This is against the opinions, introduced by Mir Damad and Kant, who have considered the space and the time merely as mental things, aroused because of man's imaginations, and not maintained external reality for them. In addition, it is a refutation to the doctrine of Newton, who considers the time as being abslute; he called the time as the fourth dimension, and added it to the known dimensions: length, width and height.