Abstract

In recent times a new, so‐called »anthropological Psychology«, taking its origin from phenomenology and existential philosophy, has succeded in gaining ever increasing ground. It attempts to interpret human existence primarily in terms of the »self«‐ consciousness of the cultivated adult civilized person, in doing which, human values ultimately always are derived from an extra‐human, supranaturalistic frame of reference as categorical imperatives. In contrast, thereto, biological psychology tries to explain human existence and behaviour exclusively in terms of man's own real biological world, i. e. of his own biological realm. Account is taken therein, in contrast to neoanthropological psychology, of the earlier historic stages of humanity, of the bodily and ontogenetic conditions of human behaviour on the basis of the mneme, and of the theories of drives and instincts, and thus the specifically human values are derived genetically from the instinctive needs